农用车辆自动导航定位方法

农用车辆自动导航技术可有效提高作业精度、实现农田规模化生产。该文以电瓶车为试验平台,使用 RTK DGPS、RTD GPS 和电子罗盘分别采集电瓶车的位置信息和航向角度信息,对农用车辆的导航定位方法进行了研究。试验时,以 RTK DGPS 采集的数据作为标准轨迹。在对试验数据进行空间配准后,采用 Kalman 滤波技术对 RTD GPS 和电子罗盘的数据进行了融合;通过计算综合权重值,对单 GPS 系统和融合系统的性能进行测试与评估,其值分别为 0.006、0.002。由此可知,采用 Kalman 滤波的电子罗盘和 RTD GPS 的组合导航系统,定位精度相对较高,稳定性较好,整体性能优于单 GPS 系统。     

日光温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发规律试验

土壤蒸发在农田水量平衡和能量平衡计算中占有重要地位。该文采用微型蒸渗仪测定温室萝卜的棵间土壤蒸发,对萝卜棵间土壤蒸发的变化规律及其与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子的关系进行了试验研究和分析。研究结果表明：温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发随着萝卜生育期的推移有减小的趋势,棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育期总耗水量的37.73%～41.71%,棵间土壤蒸发与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子均呈现良好的指数关系,该研究对合理制定温室萝卜的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。     

三江平原农田生产力时空特征分析

为了提高农田生产力,该文基于EOS/MODIS卫星2000～2005年的MOD17A3数据集,分析了21世纪初三江平原农田生产力时间动态和空间分异特征。结果显示,2000～2005年三江平原旱田净初级生产力（换算成碳量）平均值为 348.06 g/(m2·a),水田净初级生产力平均值为339.90 g/(m2·a)。2000～2005年三江平原旱田年均净初级生产力下降率为7.2%,水田年平均净初级生产力下降率为9.9%。研究表明,三江平原地区气候变化对农田生产力的下降有一定影响,同时随着该地区人口和经济活动的增加,人类活动对土地利用的加剧,亦导致农田生产力的下降。旱田和水田生产力空间分布与降水分布的相关系数分别为0.177和0.156,表明降水对农田生产力空间差异影响显著。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式对土壤含水率的影响

在干旱半干旱地区,土壤含水率是影响作物生长和植被恢复的重要因子。采用土钻法对黄土丘陵区典型流域不同土地利用方式下土壤含水率进行了比较。结果表明,农田土壤含水率显著较高,这与农田坡度较小及梯田建设有关,还与农作物蒸腾耗水相对较小有关。林地、灌木地和草地土壤含水率相对较低,且相互间无显著差别。黄土丘陵区土壤含水率主要受坡度和土壤稳定入渗速率的影响。但草地土壤含水率还与坡向及年生物量有关。土壤水分分布格局与该区土层深厚,地下水埋藏较深,土壤水分收入主要受降雨的补给有关。因此,该区农田建设应在坡度较小（＜10°）的地形上进行,并优先考虑梯田。坡度较大的地方应以天然灌木和草本群落的保育为主。人工乔灌林只适宜在沟道等水分条件较好的地方种植。     

超声波辅助提取黑豆皮色素工艺优化

为了优化超声波辅助提取黑豆皮色素的工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,采用响应曲面法对影响黑豆皮色素提取效果的3个主要影响因素即超声功率、溶液pH值和液固比进行了优化,建立并分析了各因子与黑豆皮色素提取液吸光值关系的数学模型。结果表明：原料用量0.5 g,在超声功率为80 W、溶液pH值1.5、液固比30 mL/g时,黑豆皮色素提取效果较好,在此条件下色素的提取率达到95.6%。     

灌区高含沙输水渠道淤积成因分析

渠道淤积是影响灌区高含沙输水渠道正常运行的一个关键问题,以新疆巴音沟河安集海一库引水副渠的淤积计算为例,根据泥沙起动速度与水流速度,推移质输沙率与水流挟沙力等理论计算结果,从不同角度分析了灌区高含沙输水渠道的淤积成因。理论计算结果表明：为了防止高含沙输水渠道的淤积,在渠道设计中不能只考虑水流速度大于起动速度;对于底坡沿程分段变化的高含沙输水渠道,设计应按最小坡度渠段校核其输沙能力,以保证渠道全程不发生淤积。为验证上述理论计算的准确性,开展了原型观测试验,结果表明：理论计算结果和实测结果符合较好,渠道淤积理论计算过程是合理和可靠的,可以为工程设计和管理单位提供重要参考。     

基于RS数据和GIS方法估算区域作物节水潜力

利用遥感ET数据开展用水定额管理及节水潜力分析等方面的研究,是对传统农业节水研究的有益补充。该文利用分类均值法构建了基于遥感ET数据的作物水分生产函数,考虑耗水较低兼顾水分生产率较高的原则,提出基于水资源脆弱区作物ET定额估算模型,利用该模型计算获得冬小麦及夏玉米的ET定额分别为346.00、313.00 mm;保持现有土地利用结构不变,以作物ET定额为评价标准,通过对超过该作物ET定额的像元进行调整,获得大兴区夏玉米及冬小麦的节水潜力分别为1 176.75、369.27万m3。该研究为利用遥感ET数据开展区域耗水节水潜力的定量化评价进行了有益的探索。     

Improvement of water-stability of clay aggregates admixed with aqueous polymer soil stabilizers

Aqueous soil stabilizers improve soil properties. Water-stability of soil aggregates was determined using two different soil stabilizers: S-type and E-type. Various concentrations of the two soil stabilizers were tested in soil aggregates that were bigger than 5 mm but smaller than 10 mm. Testing the aggregates using the static water-measure method showed that the water-stability index, K, increased with the concentrations of soil stabilizers. S-type soil stabilizer in concentrations ranging between 20% and 40% resulted in K-values between 64.0% and 83.8%, and E-type polymer emulsions in concentrations between 3% and 7% resulted in K-values between 90.1% and 99.7% respectively. The soil aggregates admixed with water resulted in a K-value of 11.5%, which was tested as a control. Two aggregate collapse models were found and discussed based on the collapse characteristics of the modified aggregates: S-type soil stabilizer in low concentrations follows a gradual collapse pattern, while S-type stabilizer in high concentrations and E-type stabilizer in low concentrations follow an explosive collapse pattern. These patterns depend on the formation of a membrane structure on the surface of the aggregates through physicochemical bonding. By identifying the mechanisms of the membrane structure and calculating the K-values, significant information on the improvement of soil properties can be determined.     

Simulating site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology in southern Loess Plateau of China

Proper spatial and temporal treatments of climate change scenarios projected by General Circulation Models (GCMs) are critical to accurate assessment of climatic impacts on natural resources and ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the site-specific impacts of climate change on soil erosion and surface hydrology at the Changwu station of Shaanxi, China using a new spatiotemporal downscaling method. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and climate change scenarios projected by the U.K. Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM3) under the A2, B2, and GGa emissions scenarios were used in this study. The monthly precipitation and temperature projections were downloaded for the periods of 1900–1999 and 2010–2039 for the grid box containing the Changwu station. Univariate transfer functions were derived by matching probability distributions between station-measured and GCM-projected monthly precipitation and temperature for the 1950–1999 period. The derived functions were used to spatially downscale the GCM monthly projections of 2010–2039 in the grid box to the Changwu station. The downscaled monthly data were further disaggregated to daily weather series using a stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN). The HadCM3 projected that average annual precipitation during 2010–2039 would increase by 4 to 18% at Changwu and that frequency and intensity of large storms would also increase. Under the conventional tillage, simulated percent increases during 2010–2039, compared with the present climate, would be 49–112% for runoff and 31–167% for soil loss. However, simulated soil losses under the conservation tillage during 2010–2039 would be reduced by 39–51% compared with those under the conventional tillage in the present climate. The considerable reduction in soil loss in the conservation tillage indicates the importance of adopting conservation tillage in the region to control soil erosion under climate change.     

用EST—SSR分子标记技术构建大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱库

摘要利用EST-SSR分子标记对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行分析研究。构建大白菜种质资源的核心种质并且形成核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库。结果表明利用4组鉴定白菜品种的EST—SSR的特异性标记组合,获得近158个EST—SSR多态的标记,对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行核心种质的构建提供了分析数据。形成的核心种质包括168份样品,占库存资源的8．8％,它的多态位点百分率保持了原群体的100％。所构建的核心种质涵盖了原资源的绝大部分区域来源的品种,包含了早、中、晚熟品种中所有典型的大白菜类型和其相关的特征特性。并进一步进行了核心种质资源遗传多样性分析。核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库中,每一份样品的指纹都是唯一的,为登记、评价、整理、分发、繁殖等种质资源库的管理和育种者对其材料的利用提供了重要的有价值的信息。EST-SSR标记组合是构建中国大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱的经济、高效的方法。