Development of male-specific markers and identification of sex reversal mutants in papaya

Papaya is a productive and nutritious fruit grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. It is polygamous with three sex types: female, male and hermaphrodite. Sex determination in papaya is controlled by an XY sex chromosome system with two slightly different Y chromosomes, Y for males and Y^h for hermaphrodites. Comparative analysis of the hermaphrodite-specific region of Y^h chromosome (HSY) and male-specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) revealed 99.6% sequence identity, which explains why DNA markers that amplify for both males and hermaphrodites have easily been developed, but not for the male trait specifically. We examined the 0.4% sequence differences, and found 1887 indels and 21,088 SNPs between MSY and HSY. The vast majority of indels are single nucleotide or few base pairs. A large male-specific retrotransposon insertion of 8396 bp was used to develop two papaya male-specific markers, PMSM1 and PMSM2 that amplify 585 and 548 bp fragments, respectively. These two markers were tested in 11 gynodioecious and four dioecious varieties along with autosomal DNA marker 71E and male/hermaphrodite marker W11, and the results showed clear separation of male from hermaphrodite and female. PMSM1 and PMSM2 were also used to test the sex type of six sex male-to-hermaphrodite reversal mutants which are crucial materials for validating candidate genes for sex determination in papaya. Our result showed all six mutants were positive for the male-specific markers. These male-specific markers can be used to distinguish gynodioecious and dioecious cultivars in papaya seed market, and facilitate genetic and genomic research for papaya improvement.     

Interspecific cross‐hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. (gla.) S ‘K326’ with Nicotiana alata

In order to introduce the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) resistance from Nicotiana alata into Nicotiana tabacum, a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line of N. tabacum (N. tabacum L. cv. (gla.) S ‘K326’), was successfully crossed with N. alata. Despite a high DNA content variability, F₁ hybrids could be classified in two subgroups, a major one encompassing fertile hybrids morphologically similar to their tobacco maternal parent but TSWV sensitive, and a minor one displaying sterile hybrids showing an intermediate phenotype and TSWV resistant. In order to elucidate the unexpected fertility recovery of the fertile F₁ plants, some N. alata fertility restoration ppr genes were cloned and were shown to be differentially expressed between parental lineages as well as between both F₁ subgroups, suggesting that N. alata contains fertility restoring allele able to overcome the CMS of N. tabacum.     

云南省元阳县籼/粳型稻瘟病菌无毒基因Avr-Pia、Avr-Pita1和Avr-Pii多样性分析

为明确云南省元阳县籼/粳型稻瘟病菌中无毒基因的多样性及差异,采用接种鉴别品种方法和PCR技术对9株粳型菌株和21株籼型菌株中无毒基因Avr-Pia、Avr-Pita1和Avr-Pii的多样性进行分析。结果显示,30株稻瘟病菌菌株中无毒基因Avr-Pia、Avr-Pita1和Avr-Pii的平均出现频率分别为33.3%、76.7%和0,Avr-Pia、Avr-Pita1在籼型菌株和粳型菌株中的出现频率分别为4.8%和100.0%、66.7%和100.0%。Avr-Pia主要为存在/缺失的多样性,籼/粳型菌株对水稻品种Achiasahi(Pia)的致病率分别为100.0%和11.1%;Avr-Pita1可划分为3个类群,除菌株CH1195属于PO类群外,籼型菌株均属于J1类群,粳型菌株则属于J2/J3类群;籼/粳型菌株对水稻品种K1(Pita)的致病率分别为100.0%和0,且籼/粳型菌株Avr-Pita1蛋白序列在第83位和第192位氨基酸差异明显。Avr-Pii在30株稻瘟病菌菌株中均未检出,籼/粳型菌株对水稻品种Fujisaka No. 5(Pii)的致病率分别为100.0%和0。表明Avr-Pia和Avr-Pita1在粳型菌株中的出现频率高于籼型菌株且变异程度低,粳型菌株中可能存在其它无毒基因使其不能侵染Fujisaka No. 5。     

内充气吹式油菜精量排种器气室流场仿真与试验

针对机械式排种器易发生堵塞造成漏播的问题,设计了一种内充气吹式油菜精量排种器。以ANSYS/CFX为工具建立气室流场仿真模型,以气室有无平衡出气孔为试验因素,对气室内气流场进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,有平衡气孔的气室压力波动比无平衡气孔小93 Pa。台架试验表明,无气吹作用、无平衡气孔气室气吹作用和有平衡气孔气室气吹作用3种状态下,漏播指数分别为14.4%、4.4%和2.4%,排种器的合格指数分别为66.8%、78.4%和82.0%,在气吹作用下排种器堵塞漏播问题得到明显改善。     

农业机械化领域农业推广硕士培养质量保障调查研究

以农业机械化领域农业推广硕士为研究对象,采取纸质问卷调查、网络调查、座谈会和个别访谈等相结合的方法对其培养质量保障问题进行了实证研究。从人才培养单位、人才使用单位、人事部门和学员自身4个方面分析了影响推广硕士培养质量的因素,从而得到推广硕士培养质量保障问题的一些结论,以期促进推广硕士培养质量的提高。     

我国甘蔗中耕机械发展现状及趋势

随着农业产业结构调整和人工成本增加,发展机械化成为甘蔗生产节本增效的迫切需求。甘蔗中耕机械化作业能一次完成松土、除草、施肥和培土等工序,有效改善土壤状况,深层保肥保水,为甘蔗生长创造良好的条件。介绍了甘蔗中耕机械生产技术、发展历程、机型特点以及效益,指出存在的问题,提出应重点发展高地隙底盘配套技术、多功能肥膜药一体化轻便型耕作培土机以及驱动型中耕联合作业机械。      

油菜小麦兼用型气力式精量排种器

长江流域油菜与小麦播种期相邻,为提高播种机具的利用率,设计了一种油菜小麦兼用型气力式精量排种器,提出了一种小麦排种盘内表面嵌入导种条以提高充种率的新型结构。确定了该排种器的工作原理及其主要结构与性能参数,试验研究了排种性能指标与排种盘转速、吸种区负压、投种区正压的关系。试验结果表明:该排种器能满足油菜和小麦兼用排种的功能;在小麦排种盘内表面嵌入导种条可使平均合格指数相对提高27.31%,平均漏播指数相对降低25.86%;当排种器转速、吸种区负压、投种区正压分别为18 r/min、-2 200 Pa、400 Pa时,油菜精量播种合格指数为90.02%,漏播指数为2.59%;当排种器转速、吸种区负压分别为15 r/min、-2 300 Pa时,小麦精量播种合格指数为90.62%,漏播指数为2.96%。田间试验表明:该排种器播种精度高,可满足油菜和小麦种植农艺要求。