兽医病理学在现代兽医专业教学和动物疾病诊断中的重要作用

为了阐述兽医病理学在现代兽医专业教学和动物疾病诊断中的作用,本文从人才培养、科研和生产实践应用等方面进行了探讨。指出兽医病理学具有培养高素质兽医专业人才、为动物疾病诊断提供方向或确诊疾病、验证和评估诊断结果、为科研选题提供手段与方向和解决动物医疗纠纷的重要作用。期望广大兽医专业教学工作者重视该课程教学,使学生掌握兽医病理学基础及其诊断技术。     

Effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial aimed to determine the effects of dietary lipid level on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activity of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Diets with six crude lipid levels (1.9, 13.8, 29.1, 43.6, 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1) were fed to sea cucumbers (initial weights 0.65 ± 0.01 g) at a density of 30 juveniles, once a day. After 60 days, body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The sea cucumbers fed 1.9 g kg^?1 crude lipid showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) BWG than those of the sea cucumbers fed 59.6 and 71.6 g kg^?1 crude lipid. Intestinal protease and lipase activities generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of body walls generally increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of body walls reached the maximum value at a dietary lipid level of 13.8 g kg^?1. N‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content followed the same pattern of DHA. According to the growth performance and body composition of sea cucumbers, it can be indicated that the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile sea cucumbers is between 1.9 and 13.8 g kg^?1.     

利用地下采矿水养殖棘腹蛙的初步研究

对地下采矿水养殖的棘腹蛙在翌年的繁殖行为、产卵时间、产卵量、受精率与孵化率以及水温、pH值等进行了观察记录,并对养殖水温和翌年棘腹蛙的繁殖情况进行了曲线估计回归分析。研究结果显示:在利用地下采矿水人工养殖的条件下,棘腹蛙在翌年能正常繁殖,其最适繁殖水温为21～23℃;最初产卵时间由原来的5月份提前到2月份,繁殖期由原来的5～9月份延长到2～9月份;繁殖高峰期在5～6月。     

玉米秸秆芯结构建模与径向压缩过程模拟

为了深入研究实芯作物秸秆的压缩特性,以农大108玉米秸秆芯为研究对象,基于秸秆各向异性、非均质、非线性特点,先通过径向压缩试验获取其粘弹性参数,然后应用ANSYS软件建立了玉米秸秆芯横截面圆柱有限元结构模型,并进行径向压缩过程和应力松弛过程的数值模拟.研究表明,五参量广义麦克斯韦模型能较好地描述玉米秸秆芯应力松弛特性,模型拟合参数的试验值与有限元模拟值误差均小于10％.试验验证了玉米秸秆芯模拟结果的可行性和计算模型的有效性.     

基于双切圆寻线模型的农机导航控制方法

针对油菜直播机组导航作业中田头换行、转弯等直线跟踪之间的衔接控制问题,设计了一种适用于2BFQ-6型油菜精量联合直播机导航的双切圆寻线模型控制方法。对初始偏差较大时拖拉机的寻线路径进行了定量分析,获得最优寻线路径的几何关系,依据该关系构建控制决策方法。所建决策方法根据拖拉机位姿状态选择相匹配的控制方程组,计算获得前轮转角以实现导航控制。进行了双切圆寻线模型参数仿真优化和性能与适应性仿真试验。使用该模型控制器进行拖拉机路面导航试验,结果表明:当行驶速度为0.7 m/s,拖拉机与目标直线初始横向偏差为7 m,初始航向偏角为90°时,控制器横向偏差响应的超调量不超过3%,上升时间小于14 s,调节时间不大于19 s,较纯追踪模型方法的超调量和调节时间更小;田间和路面试验结果表明:该模型控制方法对2BFQ-6型油菜精量联合直播机导航作业过程中的对行播种起始位姿调整和套行作业自动转弯操作具有指导价值。     

Effect of phytase supplementation to a low- and a high-phytate diet for growing pigs on the digestibilities of crude protein, amino acids, and energy

Supplementation of microbial phytase usually improves the digestibility and utilization of phosphorus in feedstuffs of plant origin. The effect of phytase supplementation on the digestibilities of AA also has been examined, but the results have been inconsistent. This study was carried out to determine the effect of phytase (Natuphos) supplementation, at a rate of 2,000 phytase units/kg, to two basal diets on the apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of GE, CP, and AA, and on the apparent total-tract digestibilities (ATTD) of CP and GE. The basal diets contained 18% CP and were formulated (as-fed basis) to contain either a low (0.22%) or high content (0.48%) of phytate P. The high-phytate diet contained 20% rice bran, which is a rich source of phytate and has low intrinsic phytase activity. Eight barrows (average initial BW = 40.6 kg), fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum, were fed the four diets according to a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. The pigs were fed twice daily at 0800 and 2000, equal amounts each meal, at a rate of 2.4 times the daily maintenance requirement for ME. Each experimental period comprised 14 d. Ileal digesta were collected from 0800 to 2000 on d 12, 13, and 14. Feces were collected from 0800 on d 8 until 0800 on d 12. Chromic oxide was used as the digestibility marker. The AID of GE, CP, and AA and the ATTD of CP and GE were less in the high- than in the low-phytate diet (P < 0.01). With the exception of glutamic acid, phytase supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) the AID of CP and AA. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of phytase on the ATTD of CP and GE. These results show that if a response occurs to phytase supplementation, it is independent of the dietary phytate content.     

Optimum Level of Dietary n‐3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum level of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) for juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas, based on growth performance and fatty acid compositions. Diets with five n‐3 HUFAs levels (0.15, 0.22, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46%) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (1.97 ± 0.01 g) once a day for 60 d. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio than the sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acid than the sea cucumber fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22, 0.33, and 0.38% n‐3 HUFAs. The results of growth performance and n‐3 HUFA compositions of body wall indicated that the optimum level of dietary n‐3 HUFAs for juvenile sea cucumber is between 0.22 and 0.46%.     

干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗生长及抗性生理的影响

利用大型活动式防雨旱棚,人工控水研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟幼苗生长和抗性生理的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,烤烟幼苗植株的生长和光合作用均受到明显的抑制。植株的生长势消弱．植株干物质积累量减少,根冠比增大。干旱胁迫期间,叶绿素a含量均低于对照．而叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量在胁迫初期较对照有所增加,而后又低于对照,叶绿素a/b值的变化则相反。在土壤干旱进程中,烤烟叶片相对含水量下降迅速,叶片离体保水力随干旱诱导时间的延长降低速率减慢．烟叶可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。     

竹林下棘托竹荪不同栽培方式对其产量的影响

为筛选适宜广东地区棘托竹荪栽培的主要方式与技术,对比了竹林下棘托竹荪不同栽培方式(床栽、箱栽、棒栽)及覆土配方、基质施用尿素、林分郁闭度等对棘托竹荪产量的影响。结果表明：1)覆土为蚯蚓粪与表土1∶1混合的棘托竹荪产量最高,达到8.52 kg/1.5 m²;其生物转化率也最大,为37.9%。2)基质喷施尿素后可显著提高子实体产量,与对照相比总产量增加153%,子实体数量增加159%。3)竹林郁闭度为0.8、覆土方式为凹凸形时,棘托竹荪产量最高,达到12.51 kg/m²;其生物转化率最大,为99.3%。4)在床栽、箱栽、棒栽3种栽培方式中,棒栽方式棘托竹荪采摘周期较长、子实体产量较高、投入较低。研究结果可为广东地区竹荪栽培产业发展提供参考。     

Effect of ammonia and nitrite on vigour,survival rate,moulting rate of the blue swimming crab <Emphasis Type=Italic>Portunus pelagicus</Emphasis> zoea

The effects of ammonia and nitrite on vigour, survival rate, moulting rate of zoea of blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, were studied. A total of five nitrite-N treatments (26.67, 53.34, 106.68, 213.36, 426.72 mg/l) and a control (no nitrite-N added) were set up for the acute nitrite-N toxicity experiment; a total of five ammonia-N treatments (8.43, 16.86, 33.72, 67.44, 134.88 mg/l) and a control (no ammonia-N added) were set up for the acute ammonia-N toxicity experiment. The results showed that the vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 53.34 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of nitrite-N were 179.47, 76.56, 66.70, 37.49, 25.01, 25.35, 25.34 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The vigour, survival rate and moulting rate of zoea of the blue swimming crabs exposed to over 16.86 mg/l were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control group. The zoea LC₅₀ values (mg/l) of ammonia-N were 51.04, 39.62, 38.72, 24.43, 16.90, 13.42, 11.16 mg/l for 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h, respectively. The zoeae are highly sensitive to ammonia and nitrite, and the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite on Portunus pelagicus decrease with development of this crab.