Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

新疆野苹果花粉活力的研究初报

以新疆伊犁地区新源县交吾托海野果林原生境内的新疆野苹果不同单株的花粉为试验材料,采用固体培养基法研究了不同保存温度和不同浓度蔗糖对花粉活力的影响。结果表明：花粉常温保存3d以内活力较高,平均萌发率为58%,保存5d以后花粉活力开始明显下降,平均萌发率为37%,保存30d以后平均萌发率仅1%,几乎无活力;花粉4℃保存10d以内具有较高活力,平均萌发率在50%以上,4℃保存130d仍有活力;蔗糖对花粉萌发有明显的促进作用,其中以浓度15%蔗糖较好。单株间花粉活力存在差异。     

新疆喀什市周边地区绵羊寄生蜱种类调查

2005年4月下旬，我们对喀什市周边地区绵羊寄生蜱种类进行了调查。鉴定出2个科11个属的17种蜱，其中有3属未做种的鉴定。     

薄壳苦荞的氮代谢关键酶活性与品质分析

薄壳苦荞可直接脱壳加工米,是苦荞米产业发展的重要种质资源.本研究选用杂交育成的薄壳品种'贵米苦荞55号'为材料,对灌浆期叶片、茎和籽粒中氮代谢的关键酶活性、总氮含量、蛋白质和总黄酮含量等进行分析测定.基于One-way ANOVA分析结果发现,灌浆期苦荞叶片NR活性、茎NR活性、籽粒NR活性、叶片GOT活性、茎GOT活...     

氯噻啉防治萝卜蚜虫药效试验

蚜虫是危害萝卜的主要害虫。经田间试验,10%氯噻啉WP防治萝卜蚜虫,14～20g/667m2防治效果达96.2%～98.2%,比25%乐.氰EC 27ml/667m2防治效果高。建议推广应用10%氯噻啉WP 14g/667m2防治萝卜蚜虫。     

油菜精量直播机凸轮摇杆式播量调节机构设计与试验

针对不同区域的油菜种植农艺差异、不同播期播量差异及播量范围变化大的生产实际,该文设计了一种输出轴与输入轴转速速比范围为0.1～0.45的凸轮摇杆式油菜精量直播机播量调节装置。解析了调节机构的基本运动原理,分析了凸轮摇杆机构凸轮轮廓曲线及从动件运动规律,所设计凸轮轮廓曲线呈纺锤形,从动件位移曲线为螺旋曲线,从动件速度变化曲线为一峰三柱点曲线,从动件角速度变化曲线为2条不同振幅与频率的正弦曲线合并而成。开展了播量调节装置速比精确性和对排种器排种性能影响试验。试验结果表明,不同输入轴转速下,速比为0.2～0.45时播量调节装置输出轴转速相对误差值对比速比为0.1～0.2时较小,平均误差低于3.8%;不同输入轴转速、种床带前进速度下播量调节装置对排种器排种性能影响较小,播量调节装置可实现油菜不同播量需求。预调播量为5 500和6 720 g/hm2进行田间试验,结果表明,油菜各行1 m内平均苗数为16和20,符合预调播量;各行苗数一致性变异系数为6.48%和8.19%,播量调节装置满足油菜对变量播种的农艺要求。     

General introduction to the prawn pond system in taiwan

The remarkable achievements of prawn culture in recent years in Taiwan have been widely recognized. In 1984, the annual production of the grass prawn Penaeus monodon alone reached 18 000 tonnes, making it one of the most important and fastest growing aquaculture items. Its production is still increasing and its importance will continue to grow in the coming years.

When considering the progress of prawn culture, aquaculture engineering problems such as pond construction, water inlet and outlet systems, and aeration systems are of great concern. An introduction to prawn pond construction and accessory equipment in Taiwan is given, and a comparison with the representative prawn pond systems in Japan and Hawaii is made. The present problems faced in these areas and possible solutions are also discussed.     

珠江卷口鱼年龄生长、食性和繁殖的研究

本文报道了珠江卷口鱼的年龄生长、食住和繁殖方面的研究结果。通过分析确定:卷口鱼的年龄级由I—IV龄鱼组成,各龄鱼分别占渔获物总量的42.21％、38.21％、19.21％和0.38％。用统计学方法,计算出卷口鱼体长与鳞长的相关式为:L=8 43.30R(r=0.9956);体长与体重的相关式为:W=8.226×10~(-3)L~(3.374)(Γ=0.9654)。对卷口鱼各种食物的组成、季节变化及出现率作了分析探讨。卷口鱼个体绝对怀卵量波动于7878—48880粒之间,平均22250.7粒。绝对怀卵量与体长和体重的相关式为:R=4.5419L~(3.6208)和R=40.88W 1209. 文中对卷口鱼的资源繁殖保护,网具使用和合理捕捞规格等问题进行了讨论。     

玉米不同抗旱杂交组合的研究

通过田间抗旱鉴定试验,采用模糊函数法对不同玉米杂交组合的抗旱性进行综合评价,并进一步通过品比试验研究各组合的丰产性,结果表明：411×18599、苏11×449、79-1E×S7913、交51×411、5311×449、5311×S1-1、18599×1125、交51×5311、411×S1-1、S1-1×449和79-1E×449等组合的抗旱性和丰产性表现较好,抗旱性在Ⅲ级中抗以上,产量达80907.70 kg/hm2,是抗旱高产杂交组合,可以在生产上加以应用。     

2002-2004年国家大豆区试品种对大豆花叶病毒抗性的评价

在接种东北大豆产区SMV主要株系N1、N3和黄淮与南方大豆产区SMV株系Sa、SC3条件下,对最新育成的参加2002-2004年国家大豆区试的134个大豆品种进行了抗性评价,结果表明:接种4个株系后,分别有13个品种(东农L13、汾豆56、汾豆60、汾豆61、晋大74、K丰52-1、航天2号、辽03-20、辽95025-5-4、中作2-29、中豆32、科9208、油春32)和5个品种(铁95025-5-5、铁94037-6、汾豆69、冀99、冀鉴27)分别对4个株系和3个株系表现抗侵染,中黄4、中作016、吉林2001-14等25个品种对1-2个株系表现抗侵染;5个品种(公交03-1212、冀鉴37、秦豆9、淮02-02、滑豆20)对4个株系表现抗扩展.以上品种除可用于生产外,还可作为抗SMV育种的抗源.该批参试品种中,黄淮地区品种的平均病情指数最轻,其次是东北地区品种,然后长江流域,华南地区品种的病情最重.从不同类型品种的病情分析,按黄淮夏大豆、北方春大豆、南方夏大豆、南方春大豆、菜用大豆、热带多熟制大豆的顺序逐步加重.在田间条件下,免疫品种数量不多,占参试品种的7.9%,严重度为1级的高抗品种占47.5%,未发现严重度为4级的高感品种,表明多数品种田间抗性较好.