基于无线传感器网络的设施农业车辆定位系统设计与试验

为解决目前设施农业机械定位系统稳定性差、定位精度低和成本高等问题,该文设计了一套基于Nano PAN5375模块的无线传感器网络(wireless sensor network,WSN)定位系统。该定位系统的3个信标节点负责和定位节点的无线测距,安装有定位节点的车辆构成的移动节点负责无线测距和定位坐标的计算。WSN节点采用的是基于Nano PAN5375的WD5032N模块。Nano PAN5375模块通过串行外设接口和微处理器进行通信,实现无线通信和无线测距的功能。设计了WD5032N模块的供电底板电路,满足其微处理器和Nano PAN5375模块的供电要求,以及通过串口和液晶显示屏模块通信实时显示定位坐标X和Y。节点软件以Keil MDK为开发环境,采用单片机C语言开发,实现节点数据采集与处理、无线传输和串口通信等功能。在定位节点上,采用基于线性调频扩频技术的对称双向双边测距算法来计算定位节点到各个信标节点之间的距离,并使用三边质心定位算法计算出未知节点的坐标位置信息,最后使用卡尔曼滤波算法对目标状态的观测值进行迭代,解决因为测量噪声对于定位精度造成的影响。在WD5032N上分别采用3DB天线和5DB天线进行室内和室外测距和定位试验,结果表明,基于Nano PAN5375的WSN定位系统稳定性好,定位精度高,在3个信标节点组成的合适的等边三角形3条边线范围内定位精度能达到1 m左右,而在接近三角形边线外侧的位置定位精度是1~2 m左右,可以满足一般设施农业车辆的定位精度要求。该文为农业机械精确定位的深入研究提供了参考。     

油菜精量气压式集排器排种性能试验

为提高油菜精量气压式集排器的排种性能,该文通过对充种和清种2个基础过程解析,明确了影响排种性能的主要因素,确定了相关试验因素的范围,并以华油杂62种子为对象,采用L27(313)正交试验设计研究了清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度、清种气流流速和排种滚筒转速对集排器排种性能的影响。结果表明,清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度、清种气流流速和排种滚筒转速对排种均匀性影响显著,清种气嘴口截面形状、充填高度和排种滚筒转速对各行排量一致性有显著影响,并确定了其较优参数组合。优化组合试验得出选择矩形截面形状的清种气嘴,充填高度27 mm,清种气流流速10 m/s,排种滚筒转速20 r/min的最佳参数条件下,排种均匀性变异系数为8.07%,各行排量一致性变异系数为1.95%,种子破损率低于0.1%。该研究为油菜精量气压式集排器结构优化与排种性能的提升提供了参考。     

小麦的水分利用效率及其最优化问题

根据田间实测资料分析了小麦水分利用效率的综合指数－Ｐ／Ｅ。水分利用效率的变化是光合和蒸腾综合作用的结果。影响这种变化的主要因子为光照，相对湿度，气孔传导率以及土壤的肥力状况等．。分析表明，作物的“午休”现象是农作物实现水分利用最优的一种适应性调节。     

分子蒸馏工艺参数对高碳脂肪醇提取物精制效果的研究

采用分子蒸馏技术进行高碳脂肪醇提取物的精制，试验结果表明，蒸馏压力66.7 Pa，蒸馏温度在160～230℃范围内，随着蒸馏温度升高，馏出物中的二十八烷醇和三十烷醇含量逐渐增加，并在190℃时出现峰值，之后下降；蒸馏温度190℃，蒸馏压力在26.7～266.7 Pa范围内，随着压力的下降，馏出物中的二十八烷醇和三十烷醇含量增加，到133.3 Pa处分别达到最大值。蒸馏温度和压力作为分子蒸馏的关键工艺参数对高碳脂肪醇的精制效果具有显著影响。     

基于振动机理的藜蒿扦插机分苗机构设计与试验

目前,藜蒿栽植主要依靠人工扦插。分苗装置是实现藜蒿机械化扦插的关键部件,为实现藜蒿苗杆的有序进给,该文设计了一种基于振动机理的藜蒿扦插机分苗装置。在分析振动式分苗装置振动机构-曲柄滑块机构运动分析基础上,利用Matlab优化了振动式分苗装置的结构参数,即当该曲柄摇杆机构的连杆、摇杆分别取499 mm、273 mm时,机构达到最好传力效果。利用Ansys对分苗装置的振动特性进行了模态分析,为防止弹簧钢板变形,振动频率应小于98.66 Hz。而后,以曲柄长度、振动频率、轨道倾角为试验因素,开展了藜蒿分苗装置的试验研究。极差分析结果表明,试验台倾角对分苗合格率影响较大,振动频率次之,偏心距影响最小,优化组合为：振动频率36 Hz、轨道倾角6°、曲柄长度14 mm,此优化组合参数下藜蒿苗杆分苗合格率可达86.3%。该研究工作实现了藜蒿苗杆的机械化分苗,为藜蒿扦插机械的进一步研究提供了参考。     

高速公路边坡生态恢复的问题与对策

通过分析当前高速公路边坡生态恢复中存在的问题,认为边坡立地条件差、植被组合简单、生态适应性差、景观效果不佳、岩质陡坡恢复困难、缺乏基础理论研究、恢复成本高和养护管理困难等是当前存在的主要问题.针对这些问题提出了相应对策,如提高生物多样性、培育边坡植物种子市场、建立恢复评价体系、新技术新材料研究、制定科学养护方案和培养恢复专业人才等措施.     

香蕉产地初加工技术分类及集成

香蕉是全球贸易量第一、产量第二的大宗水果,也是中国产量位居前五的水果之一,但它却是中国唯一存在贸易逆差的大宗水果。在国内香蕉不断增产的情况下,香蕉进口数量仍然保持上涨,表明国内市场需求巨大,但同时存在巨大产后损失,其损失量相当于中国香蕉进口量的2倍以上。该文对中国香蕉产地初加工技术进行了分类整理,在遵循层次性、稳定性、开放性、现实性等系统原则的基础上,采用线性分类法对香蕉产地初加工技术进行了纵向层次划分,按所选定的若干个属性或特征逐次地分成相应的类目,形成了以大类、中类、小类、子类划分的层次分明、逐渐展开的分类体系,简洁、清晰地揭示出香蕉产地初加工技术系统的结构与功能。基于上述分类,对目前使用较为广泛的技术进行集成,形成了4种技术集成方案。并对其适用性进行了评价。     

广西大麦生态区划初探

本文根据大麦生育期长短和灾害年份受害程度的不同,将广西大麦划分为四个生态区。分析了影响大麦发展的主要因素,桂南,桂中是大麦光温敏感期遇长期阴雨寡照天气;桂西是秋、冬、春三季干旱;桂北虽抽穗前后光温较宜,但收晒期雨水过多。同时提出各生态区发展大麦的关键技术措施。     

Purification and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] (Diptera: Tephritidae)

An acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) was purified from the head of the insecticide susceptible oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), by affinity chromatography of Triton X-100 extract. The degree of purification was about 8183-fold with recoveries of 52%. The molecular mass of purified AChE was 116 kDa for its native protein (nonreduced form) and 61 kDa for its subunits (reduced form) as revealed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), suggesting that the homodimer of AChE linked with disulfide bonds. Nondenaturing PAGE of the purified AChE revealed only one molecular form. The maximum velocities (V(max)) for hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine (ATC), propionylthiocholine, and S-butyrylthiocholine were 833.3, 222.2, and 57.5 micromol/min/mg, and the Michaelis constants (K(m)) were 87.9, 26.9, and 195.3 microM, respectively. More than 97% of AChE activity was inhibited by 10 microM eserine or BW284C51, but only 53% of the activity was inhibited by ethopropazine at the same concentration. On the basis of the substrate and inhibitor specificities, the purified enzyme appeared to be a true AChE. Nevertheless, the purified AChE exhibited some distinctive characteristics including (i) a lack of the substrate inhibition phenomenon when using ATC as the hydrolyzing substrate and (ii) a higher V(m) value for ATC than AChE from other insect species. These biochemical properties may show that AChE purified from the oriental fruit fly may have structural differences from those of other insect species.     

Uncertainty analysis in near-surface soil moisture estimation on two typical land-use hillslopes

Purpose

Spatial prediction of near-surface soil moisture content (NSSMC) is necessary for both hydrologic modeling and land use planning. However, uncertainties associated with the prediction are always neglected and lack of quantitative analysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of different sources of uncertainty on NSSMC estimation at two typical hillslopes (i.e., tea garden and forest).

Materials and methods

In this study, stepwise multiple regression models with terrain indices and soil texture were built to spatially estimate NSSMC on two typical land use hillslopes (tea garden and forest) at different dates. The uncertainties due to limited sample sizes used for developing regression models (uncertainty of model parameter), digital elevation model resolutions of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m (uncertainty of terrain indices) and spatial interpolations of soil texture by kriging or cokriging with electromagnetic induction (uncertainty of soil texture), were investigated using bootstrap, resampling, and Latin hypercube sampling techniques, respectively.

Results and discussion

The accuracies of NSSMC predictions were acceptable for both tea garden (the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency or NSE?=?0.34) and forest hillslopes (NSE?=?0.57). The model parameter uncertainty was more important on tea garden hillslope than on forest hillslope. A significant negative correlation (P?<?0.05) was observed between the model parameter uncertainty and the mean NSSMC of the hillslopes, indicating that the model parameter uncertainty was small when the hillslope was wet. The resolution uncertainty from digital elevation model had a minor effect on NSSMC predictions on both hillslopes. The texture uncertainty was weak on NSSMC estimations on tea garden hillslope. However, it was more important than the model parameter uncertainty on the forest hillslope.

Conclusions

Improving the regression model structure and the hillslope soil texture mapping are critical in the accurate spatial prediction of NSSMC on tea garden and forest hillslopes, respectively. This study presents techniques for analyzing three different uncertainties that can be used to identify the main sources of uncertainties in soil mapping.