黄瓜光合特征及水分利用效率对土壤含水量的响应

【目的】采用新型负压灌溉系统,研究不同系统供水负压控制下的土壤含水量对黄瓜叶片碳同化和蒸腾耗水协同作用的影响,旨在分析与确定黄瓜适宜土壤含水量范围,为黄瓜的节水生理研究提供参考依据。【方法】通过遮雨网室盆栽试验,设4个系统供水负压水平(W1:0,W2:-5 k Pa,W3:-10 k Pa,W4:-15 k Pa),研究不同土壤含水量对黄瓜光合特征、产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】同一系统供水负压下,黄瓜整个生育期土壤含水量基本保持稳定,W1、W2、W3和W4处理下控制的土壤相对含水量(RSWC)分别为(103.8±1.2)%、(88.7±3.7)%、(77.4±4.5)%和(61.8±3.2)%。RSWC在61.8%-88.7%范围,黄瓜叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日均值均随着土壤含水量降低而下降。黄瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)和LWUE在同一生育时期的日均值与土壤相对含水量(RSWC)均呈极显著抛物线型关系(P0.01),且不同生育时期Pn和LWUE的最高值对应的RSWC不相同。黄瓜植株干物质量和产量均以W2(RSWC为88.7%)处理最高,黄瓜经济水分利用效率以W3(RSWC为77.4%)处理最高。【结论】负压灌溉条件下,达到黄瓜叶片碳同化和蒸腾耗水之间协同平衡关系的适宜土壤相对含水量为:开花期RSWC为70%—93%、盛瓜期RSWC为78%—103%、末瓜期RSWC为73%—104%。在此范围内,黄瓜能够获得较大的叶面积、蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率,从而获得较高的干物质量和黄瓜产量。     

施肥与灌溉对甘肃省苜蓿碳足迹的影响

【目的】评估甘肃省苜蓿不同种植模式的碳足迹,探明温室气体的主要排放环节。分析施肥与灌溉对甘肃省苜蓿碳足迹的影响,评估可能的减排潜力,为甘肃省苜蓿生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】应用生命周期评价理论和IPCC（2006）田间温室气体计算方法,建立苜蓿碳足迹评估方法。通过调研甘肃省苜蓿主产区陇东、陇中和河西地区10个县区的苜蓿种植农户和农场,收集苜蓿的产量、化肥、灌溉等生产数据。根据施肥和灌溉水平及灌溉水源将甘肃省苜蓿种植模式分为4种,使用建立的苜蓿碳足迹评估方法和甘肃省苜蓿生产投入/产出数据,分析4种种植模式的碳足迹构成特点、施氮水平与灌溉对苜蓿干物质产量和碳足迹的影响特征。使用情景分析方法揭示氮肥减施、改进氮肥生产工艺、无机有机肥混施、滴灌和喷灌技术降低苜蓿种植过程温室气体排放的潜力。【结果】甘肃省苜蓿4种种植模式的碳足迹（以CO₂ eq计）从小到大依次为0.02（不施肥不灌溉模式,NFNI）、0.19（施肥不灌溉模式,SFNI）、0.22（施肥+河水灌溉模式,SFRI）、0.64（施肥+井灌模式,SFWI）kg CO₂ eq·kg^-1苜蓿干物质（DM）。SFNI模式除与SFRI模式之间碳足迹差异不显著外,与其他种植模式之间的差异均显著。不同种植模式之间的碳足迹构成环节和各环节对碳足迹的贡献率存在差异。NFNI模式的碳足迹主要由苜蓿残茬和农机使用两部分的排放组成;SFNI模式和SFRI模式碳足迹的主要产生环节是化肥生产和氮肥田间施用的排放,其次是农机使用;SFWI模式碳足迹的最大来源是灌溉耗电,其次为化肥生产和氮肥田间施用的排放。通过氮肥减施、无机有机肥混施、降低氮肥生产过程中排放可使甘肃省SFNI、SFRI和SFWI模式的苜蓿碳足迹分别降低10.0%-18.0%、-3.0%-8.0%和1.8%-5.8%。如果不考虑节水管材生产的额外温室气体排放,节水灌溉（喷灌和滴灌）可减少SFWI模式苜蓿碳足迹的12.7%-38.5%。【结论】甘肃省4种苜蓿种植模式的产量和碳足迹均存在差异,高投入高产出的SFWI模式的苜蓿产量最高,但碳足迹也显著高于其他模式。除NFNI模式外,其他3种模式均存在过量施肥现象。减施氮肥和降低氮肥生产过程中的温室气体排放均可降低甘肃省苜蓿生产的碳足迹;无机有机肥混施可以降低SFNI和SFRI模式的碳足迹,但同等施氮水平下,无机有机肥混施短期内会降低产量。因此,在保证一定产量同时降低温室气体排放量的目标下,有机肥和化肥混施的最佳比例及实际减排潜力仍需通过田间的长期试验进一步验证;节水灌溉是SFWI模式的主要减排措施,但节水灌溉所能带来的综合减排潜力仍需针对具体区域的田间节水试验和额外耗材带来的温室气体排放进一步评估。     

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

【Objective】 Aiming at the accumulation dynamics and translocation and distribution characteristics of dry matter and nutrient of maize population among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in semi-arid region of Northeastern China, this research provided the theoretical basis on high-yielding cultivation technique of spring maize under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the area.【Method】 The location experiment was conducted in Qian'an county in the western semi-arid region of Jilin province from 2014 to 2016 with three cultivation modes, including farmers' practice cultivation (FP), high-yielding cultivation (HY) and super high-yielding cultivation (SHY) under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. Nonghua101 was chosen as experimental material. The characteristics of accumulation, translocation and distribution of dry matter and nutrient of maize population and the yield construction were studied among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. 【Result】 The maize yield under HY and SHY modes were significantly higher than that under FP mode, with the average increment by 16.0% and 37.4%, respectively. The spike kernels and 100-kernels weight of HY and SHY modes were decreased than that of FP mode, but the spike numbers per unit area were significantly increased. Compared with FP mode, dry matter and N, P and K accumulations of maize population were significantly increased under HY and SHY modes from flowering stage to maturing stage, and the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations were increased in total growth period after flowering stage (the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations in total growth period after flowering stage were increased by 8.0%, 23.3%, 10.0%, 33.9% and 13.8%, 42.6%, 21.6%, 44.6%, respectively). Logistic equation analysis showed that the maximum and average increase rates of HY and SHY modes were 6.9%, 4.2% and 23.8%, 10.9% higher than that under FP mode, respectively, and the occurrence time of maximum rate was later. Compare with FP mode, HY and SHY modes reduced significantly nutrient translocation rate and contribution rate of translocation nutrients to kernels before flowering stage, and improved significantly contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage of spring maize. Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield was significant or extremely significant correlated positively (r=0.7513-0.9840) with the dry matter and N, P and K accumulations around flowering stage of maize population, and the correlation coefficients after flowering stage were higher than them before flowering stage. 【Conclusion】 Compared with FP mode, HY and SHY modes improved the maximum and average increase rates of the dry matter in maize population, and postponed the occurrence time of the maximum increase rate of the dry matter. HY and SHY modes increased the dry matter and nutrient accumulations from flowering stage to maturing stage of maize, and enhanced significantly the contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage. Therefore, the managing measures of increasing the planting density, controlling the total amount of N, P and K fertilizers and regulating fertilizer application during different stages could ensure the demand of N, P and K in the whole growth period of maize. This article provided an advantageous way for further promoting maize yield under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern China.     

Research on Optimum Phosphorus Fertilizer Rate Based on Maize Yield and Phosphorus Balance in Soil Under Film Mulched Drip Irrigation Conditions

【Objective】 In order to improve phosphorus efficiency and reduce environmental risk due to a large number of phosphorus application under mulched drip irrigation in northeast semi-arid region for maize production, a 3-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphorus application rates on maize yield, phosphorus utilization efficiency and soil phosphorus supply ability, so as to provide scientific references for rational phosphorus fertilizer application in this region. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in semi-arid maize production region of Jilin province (Qian'an county) from 2015 to 2017. Six treatments of phosphorus application rate (P₂O) were designed in the field experiments, including 0 (P₀), 40 kg·hm ^-2 (P₄₀), 70 kg·hm ^-2 (P₇₀), 100 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₀₀), 130 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₃₀) and 160 kg·hm ^-2 (P₁₆₀), which were used for the calculation of phosphorus uptake, phosphorus utilization efficiencies and apparent phosphorus balance in the soil-crop system. The measurement indexes contained maize yield and its components, phosphorus content of plant at mature stage and soil available phosphorus concentration. 【Result】 The result showed that the maize yield with phosphorus application were significantly increased by 6.2%-21.2% (2015), 9.0%-20.6% (2016) and 12.9%-30.3% (2017) respectively, and increment by 9.2%-23.9% in average three years. The yield was enhanced by increasing grains per ear, 100-kernel weight and harvest index by applying phosphorus fertilizer. Maize yield increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate, and the highest yield value was found under P₁₀₀ treatment. Phosphorus recovery efficiency and partial productivity declined, however, phosphorus agronomic efficiency increased at first and decreased later with increasing of phosphorus application rate. Available phosphorus content in soil layer (0-40 cm) was improved with the increasing of phosphorus application rate and period compared with P₀ treatment, and the content under P₁₀₀ treatment was very close to its initialization value. The apparent phosphorus balance in soil was negative in the P₀, P₄₀ and P₇₀ treatments after a three-year continuous maize-cropping, and the phosphorus deficient amount was decreased with the increment of phosphorus application rate. While the apparent phosphorus balance in soil was positive under the P₁₀₀, P₁₃₀ and P₁₆₀ treatments, and phosphorus surplus amount was increasing with the increment of phosphorus application rate. When surplus rate was 0, phosphorus application rate, maize yield, available phosphorus content in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil, phosphorus recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity were 92.4 kg·hm ^-2, 12 497 kg·hm ^-2, 34.6 mg·kg ^-1, 28.4 mg·kg ^-1, 24.1%, 21.9 kg·kg ^-1 and 146.1 kg·kg ^-1, respectively, by simulating between phosphorus application rate (y₁), soil available phosphorus content (y₂), phosphorus utilization efficiency (y₃) and surplus rate (x), respectively. These results were similar to maize yield, soil available phosphorus content and phosphorus utilization efficiency under the maximum yield under the P₁₀₀ treatment. The optimum phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2 under 95% confidence levels, when theoretical surplus rate was 0. 【Conclusion】 The results suggested that the recommended phosphorus application rate was at the range of 88-97 kg·hm ^-2, which could not only ensure higher maize yield, but also keep soil phosphorus balance under this experimental conditions. The research provided phosphorus fertilizer management for both high-yielding maize production and friendly environment under mulched drip irrigation conditions in northeast semi-arid region of Jilin province.     

重庆市水库富营养化调查及评价

通过对重庆市36座水库的监测,各水库chla值范围为1.59~52.3mg/m3;TP范围为0.002~0.598mg/L;TN范围为0.52~5.94mg/L;SD范围为0.48~3.2m;CODMn范围为0.75~9.3mg/L。CODMn、TN与chla之间呈极显著的正相关关系,SD与chla呈极显著的负相关关系,TP与chla的相关性较差,利用回归分析得出TN、SD、CODMn与chla的线性关系。利用修正的卡尔森指数对水库进行富营养化评价,结果表明:35座大中型水库达到富营养化的水库为27座,达到中营养的8座,贫营养水库无。通过对富营养化水库分布分析,位于三峡库区生态经济区的水库富营养化状况比都市区和渝西地区轻。对重庆市3座大型水库的营养盐输出作了初步估算,对比三峡库区城市污水口营养盐排放量,表明仅3座大型水库排放的TN超过67个城市污水口排放量,TP排放占城市污水排放量的16%。     

毛霉产蛋白酶的特性及其应用研究

为探寻适合于制备大豆多肽的蛋白酶,对毛霉产蛋白酶的特性、毛霉蛋白酶的制备方法及其对大豆分离蛋白的降解进行了研究,并测定了酶解产物的相对分子质量.结果表明,毛霉蛋白酶是诱导性很强的酶类,毛霉的产酶条件除与温度、培养时间、相对湿度等有关外,还与培养方式密切相关,以麦麸培养毛霉,当长有大量孢子时翻曲1次,可大幅度提高酶活力.毛霉蛋白酶在40℃,pH7.3的条件下催化大豆分离蛋白水解5 h,所产生的酶解产物的相对分子质量分布范围在1～3 kD之间,酶解产物微咸,后味略鲜,无苦涩味.     

Short-chain fatty acids inhibit bovine rumen epithelial cells proliferation via upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 1A,but not mediated by G protein-coupled receptor 41

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a critical role in regulation of rumen epithelial growth. The mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of SCFAs on the proliferation of bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs) remain unknown; however, SCFAs can bind to G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41); hence, the regulatory effects of SCFAs on BRECs proliferation may be mediated by GPR41. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SCFAs and GPR41 on BRECs proliferation. We demonstrated that SCFAs activate the expression of GPR41 and inhibit (p < .05) BRECs proliferation, while the GPR41 knockdown (GPR41KD) BRECs exhibited (p < .05) slow proliferation compared with controls. The treatment of BRECs with 10 mM SCFAs significantly enhanced (p < .05) expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 1A (CDKN1A), 2A (CDKN2A) and 2B (CDKN2B) and inhibited (p < .05) their transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle, compared with controls. Remarkably, the GPR41KD BRECs treated with SCFAs restored high level of CDKN1A, relative to GPR41KD BRECs, but did not affect (p > .05) the expression of CDKN2A and CDKN2B. The GPR41KD BRECs had significantly reduced (p < .05) cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin D2 mRNA abundance compared with controls. The GPR41KD BRECs treated with SCFAs significantly decreased (p < .05) CDK4, cyclin D2, CDKN2A and CDKN2B mRNA abundance compared with BRECs treated with SCFAs. Overall, our results demonstrated that downregulation of CDK4 and cyclin D2 likely mediates the inhibitory effects of GPR41KD on BRECs proliferation. Additionally, CDKN1A plays a vital role in mediating the inhibitory effect of SCFAs on the BRECs proliferation, and that these changes are not mediated by GPR41.     

类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因AgCCD4调控芹菜不同组织的着色

【目的】 研究类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因AgCCD4在不同颜色芹菜中的基因型及相对表达量,结合类胡萝卜素含量测定,分析AgCCD4对芹菜组织中类胡萝卜素积累的影响,为进一步研究CCD亚家族基因在不同颜色芹菜组织着色中的作用奠定基础。【方法】 采用同源比对法检索芹菜基因组中的CCD家族基因AgCCD4。从‘津南实芹’‘黄太极’‘紫杆一号’和‘赛雪’4种不同颜色芹菜中分别克隆获得芹菜类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因AgCCD4。对芹菜AgCCD4的蛋白氨基酸序列组成、蛋白质理化性质、亲缘关系、空间结构等进行分析,预测其保守结构域和二级结构以及建立三级结构模型。采用荧光定量PCR技术检测AgCCD4在不同颜色芹菜不同组织中的表达水平。采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）对4种颜色芹菜的叶片、叶柄和根中叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量进行测定。采用农杆菌介导的瞬时表达转化法,研究AgCCD4蛋白在烟草表皮细胞中的亚细胞定位。【结果】 序列分析结果表明AgCCD4包含1个长度为1 779 bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码592个氨基酸。‘赛雪’中AgCCD4的核苷酸序列与其他品种相比存在18个碱基和9个氨基酸位点的差异,蛋白质相对分子质量分别为65.07 kD和65.12 kD,等电点分别为6.03和5.95。进化树分析表明,芹菜AgCCD4与菊科的向日葵和莴苣CCD4进化关系较近。AgCCD4蛋白的二级结构中包含多个α-螺旋和无规则卷曲,三级结构主要以β-折叠为主。亚细胞定位分析表明AgCCD4是一个定位在叶绿体上的蛋白。对4种颜色芹菜叶片、叶柄和根中叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量进行测定,结果显示芹菜根中均未检测到叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素,叶片中叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量均以‘津南实芹’最高,分别为1 102.58 μg∙g^-1 DW和241.92 μg∙g^-1 DW,‘紫杆一号’最低,分别为57.12 μg∙g^-1 DW和45.65 μg∙g^-1 DW。在叶柄中,仅在‘黄太极’中检测到β-胡萝卜素,叶黄素也只在‘津南实芹’和‘黄太极’中被检测到。荧光定量PCR结果显示,AgCCD4在芹菜叶片中表达量最高,在根中最低。‘紫杆一号’和‘赛雪’叶片中AgCCD4的相对表达量相似,都显著高于‘津南实芹’和‘黄太极’。【结论】 本研究从4种颜色芹菜中分别克隆得到AgCCD4,其中‘赛雪’的基因序列和其他品种存在差异,其蛋白均含有RPE65保守结构域。AgCCD4表达量在芹菜不同组织中具有显著差异。芹菜中AgCCD4表达量与类胡萝卜素含量呈负相关。植物体中类胡萝卜素的含量和种类影响植株的颜色变化,AgCCD4可能通过降解类胡萝卜素来调控芹菜组织着色。     

灰色系统理论在豫南稻区杂交稻品种抗病性综合评价中的应用

本文运用灰色系统理论综合评价了豫南稻区主要种植的七个杂交稻品种的综合抗病性。其结果表明:运用该法评价杂交稻品种的综合抗病性,比其它方法更简便易行,且全面、客观,可避免单独评价水稻品种对某一病害的抗性而引起的偏差。