Selection on multiple QTL with control of gene diversity and inbreeding for long-term benefit

The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate selection strategies that aim at maximizing long-term genetic response while conserving gene diversity and controlling inbreeding in populations of limited effective size, assuming complete knowledge of all genes affecting a quantitative trait. Three selection strategies were proposed to select on 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and compared with truncation selection on breeding value. Alternative selection strategies aimed at maximizing the average breeding value of parents with a penalty on (1) the number of unfavourable QTL genotypes among parents (OS-I), (2) the negative of the logarithm of the frequency of the favourable allele at each QTL among parents (OS-II), and (3) the average pedigree relationship among parents (OS-III). When all QTL and their effects were known, the strategies examined were able to obtain extra long-term responses, conserve QTL diversity and reduce inbreeding, compared with truncation selection. Strategy OS-II was the most effective in conserving QTL diversity and OS-III in reducing inbreeding. By changing the magnitude of the penalties applied, the impact on long-term response, inbreeding and diversity can be controlled. Extra long-term responses over truncation selection of OS-I and OS-II were even greater when effects of QTL were estimated rather than assumed known, indicating the applicability of results to practical strategies for marker-assisted selection. Extra responses are expected to be reduced for larger population sizes.     

中国苜蓿产业发展面临的问题及其对策

"困难如潮,希望似海"。建设现代农业产业技术体系是提高农业科技创新能力和创新效率的新思路、新机制。要以产品为单元,以产业为主线,梳理每个农产品产业链条的技术需求,解决每个环节的生产技术难题,依靠科技进步提升农业的素质、效益和竞争力。本刊携手国家奶牛产业技术研发中心共同开办"奶牛养殖"专栏。本栏目将围绕奶业发展的需求,以详实的数据、实用的技术、朴实的文章、精美的版式,宣传现代奶牛产业技术,提高奶业科技创新能力,增强我国奶业竞争力。     

利血平增敏法检测恩诺沙星药物残留的研究

目的了解恩诺沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)的抗菌活性及利血平对其抗菌活性的影响。方法采用对倍稀释浓度琼脂平板法测定抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,同法测定利血平对恩诺沙星对金葡菌MIC值的影响。结果利血平可有效增强恩诺沙星的抗菌活性,增大了恩诺沙星抑制金葡菌的抑菌圈直径,提高了恩诺沙星在组织中检测的灵敏度。研究发现利血平加入后中心浓度由0.5ul/ml变为0.0625ul/ml,最低检测限由0.125μg/ml降低到0.015625μg/ml。最低检测限减低了8倍。     

Serial evaluation of protein C and antithrombin in dogs with sepsis

BACKGROUND: Protein C (PC) and antithrombin (AT) activities are decreased in humans with severe sepsis, and persistent changes are associated with decreased survival. In dogs with sepsis, PC and AT have been shown to be decreased at the time of diagnosis. HYPOTHESIS: PC and AT activities change significantly over time in dogs with sepsis and may be related to outcome. ANIMALS: Twelve dogs with naturally occurring sepsis. METHODS: Blood was collected from 12 dogs with sepsis, defined as histopathologic or microbiologic confirmation of infection and two of the following: hypo- or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukopenia, leukocytosis, or >3% bands. The time of 1st sampling was considered day 1 and sampling was repeated every 24 hours for 5 days or until discharge or death. Changes over time were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures, and the association between PC and AT and outcome was determined by a 2-equation treatment effects model. RESULTS: Nine dogs and 11 dogs had decreased PC and AT activity on day 1, respectively (mean PC, 66.0 +/- 25.8%; mean AT, 48.1 +/- 16.5%). PC activity significantly decreased from day 1 to day 2 (P= .001), then increased over time. Changes in PC (P < .001) and AT (P < .001) over time were likely associated with outcome with nonsurvivors having lower PC and AT activities than survivors. CONCLUSION: Results of this preliminary study show that PC and AT activities change significantly over time in dogs with sepsis and both are likely related to survival.     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白转基因小鼠的构建研究

将狂犬病病毒糖蛋白ｃＤＮＡ ＢｇｌⅡ（１．６７ｋｂ）片段正向插入ｐＭＴ０１０／Ａ＾＋ＢａｍＨⅠ切点，构建重组质粒ｐＭＴ０１０／Ａ＾＋－Ｒｇｐ，用ＥｃｏＲⅠ＋ＳａｌⅠ对ｐＭＴ０１０／Ａ＾＋－Ｒｇｐ进行双酶切后，回收含有狂犬病病毒糖蛋白ｃＤＮＡ和绵羊ＭＴ启动子的２．７６ｋｂ片段，通过显微注射技术将该片段注入小鼠单细胞受精卵雄前核内，在进行胚胎移植后，获得４４只小鼠，经ＰＣＲ、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交及原位     

利用Java技术建立草地农业信息资源数据库

草地农业信息资源数据库利用Java技术和Web方式实现，分析了用户需求和系统优势，阐明了数据库的设计思路、结构及系统实现方法。     

面对加入WTO的机遇和挑战正确实施WTO-SPS协议

加入WTO给我国带来了机遇和挑战,对此我们要有必要的思想准备.对动物卫生行业来说,机遇就是我们可以利用贸易全球化的有利条件大力促进我国畜牧经济的发展,努力提高我国动物防疫水平,提高我国动物产品卫生质量,并将我国动物产品打入国际市场;而我们所面临的挑战则是以发达国家为代表的部分国家利用SPS协议(<卫生及植物卫生措施实施协议>),凭借自身科技优势构筑非关税壁垒即"技术性贸易壁垒"(TBT),以限制他国产品,包括动物产品进口,同时又形成"贸易攻势"将本国产品更多打入他国,为自身的经济利益服务,对进口国的畜牧产业形成强大冲击.     

腐蹄病C型节瘤拟杆菌纤毛蛋白基因T程疫苗对家兔的免疫试验

将转化C型节瘤拟杆菌纤毛蛋白基因表达子粒的工程菌PAK/2pfsC在含羧苄青霉素营养肉汤培养基中培养,用MgCl2法在培养物上清中提取表达产物(纤毛蛋白).将表达的纤毛蛋白产物用弗氏完全佐剂乳化,制成疫苗.用疫苗免疫3只健康家兔,21 d后再次接种;定期采血,用对流免疫电泳和K凝集实验检测试验家兔的体液免疫应答及抗体水平.结果发现,免疫7 d即可产生相应抗体,21 d后抗体效价达到8 000×以上,而且高滴度抗体可维持6个月以上.试验表明,腐蹄病C型节瘤拟杆菌纤毛蛋白基因工程疫苗具有较好的免疫应答和免疫原性.     

两栖类早期发育的基因调控

在两栖类受精卵的植物极附近的皮 层下区有一种特殊的细胞质,称为生殖质,卵 裂后凡是含有这种生殖质的卵裂球就是原生 殖细胞,后者在不同动力的作用下以一定方 式进行迁移,最终形成生殖细胞。基因与个 体发育有复杂的关系,据近40年的生物化学 和遗传学的研究证实,基因不直接控制性状 发育,而是控制生化过程,从而影响到个体发 育和分化。文章从基因表达时的不同作用水 平对两栖类早期发育的基因调控进行了综 述,并且阐述了参与发育的基因家族的作用 方式与功能。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白B细胞抗原表位预测

以鸡传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白的基因组序列为基础,采用Garnier-Robson方法、Chou-Fasman方法和Karplus-Schultz方法预测VP2蛋白质的二级结构;用Kyte-Doolittle方案预测蛋白质的亲水性;用Emini方案预测蛋白质的表面可能性;用Jameson-Wolf方案预测氨基酸的抗原性指数。综合分析,预测VP2蛋白的抗原表位。通过以上几种方法预测IBDV病毒VP2蛋白的B细胞表位位于VP2蛋白N端3-10、30-45、77-84、150-157、197-206、211-222、278-288、298-303、315-325、376-381、386-394、403-411、415-425区段。