氮肥施用措施对湖北中稻产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

 【目的】以湖北省大面积推广的4个中稻品种(珞优8号、国豪杂优1号、丰优22和巨风优72)为试验材料,研究氮肥不同施用对湖北省中稻产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响。【方法】田间试验设计了5个处理,,分别为不施氮处理(CK)、农民习惯施肥法(FFP)、FFP优化、增氮处理(SHY)和SHY优化,4次重复于2008和2009年分别在湖北赤壁和荆门进行。【结果】湖北赤壁CK处理两年试验的水稻产量均低于湖北荆门,表明荆门的基础地力好于赤壁。两年试验中,与农民习惯施肥法(FFP)相比,赤壁FFP优化、增氮处理(SHY)和SHY优化3个处理都有增产作用,其中2008年增产率分别为10.0%、2.3%和23.2%,2009年增产率分别为16.6%、11.8%和22.6%;荆门FFP优化、SHY、SHY优化3个处理,在2008年略有减产,在2009年增产作用也不显著,仅为2.0%、6.7%和1.7%。与农民习惯施肥法(FFP)相比,赤壁FFP优化和SHY优化,氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力都有显著提高;荆门FFP优化和SHY优化氮肥偏生产力显著提高,而氮肥农学利用率仅略有提高;两年两地SHY处理的氮素利用率各个指标的值均较小。【结论】两个优化处理(FFP优化和SHY优化)的产量和氮肥利用率都达到较高水平,即在当前农民习惯施肥条件下,将氮肥减少20%左右,不仅不会减产反而还会增产增效;在高氮的投入下,高产田水稻增产不明显甚至减产。此外,氮肥优化施用还可以改善稻米的营养品质。     

有限元强度折减法在二塘沟水库右岸天然边坡稳定分析中的应用

用强度折减有限元法对边坡重力作用下开挖前后的稳定性进行了较为全面的对比分析研究。采用Drucker-Prager屈服准则,运用ANSYS软件作为计算分析工具,对二塘沟水库右岸天然边坡开挖前后的稳定性进行了模拟计算,并分析了天然边坡开挖前后的应力-应变状态,为边坡的治理决策提供了依据。     

Cloning and molecular characterization of cationic amino acid transporter y+LAT1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The solute carrier family 7A, member 7 gene encodes the light chain- y⁺L amino acid transporter-1 (y⁺LAT1) of the heterodimeric carrier responsible for cationic amino acid (CAA) transport across the basolateral membranes of epithelial cells in intestine and kidney. Rising attention has been given to y⁺LAT1 involved in CAA metabolic pathways and growth control. The molecular characterization and function analysis of y⁺LAT1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) is currently unknown. In the present study, full-length cDNA (2,688 bp), which encodes y⁺LAT1 and contains a 5′-untranslated region (319 bp), an open reading frame (1,506 bp) and a 3′-untranslated region (863 bp), has been cloned from grass carp. Amino acid sequence of grass carp y⁺LAT1 contains 11 transmembrane domains and shows 95 %, 80 % and 75 % sequence similarity to zebra fish, amphibian and mammalian y⁺LAT1, respectively. The tissue distribution and expression regulation by fasting of y⁺LAT1 mRNA were analyzed using real-time PCR. Our results showed that y⁺LAT1 mRNA was highly expressed in midgut, foregut and spleen while weakly expressed in hindgut, kidney, gill, brain, heart, liver and muscle. Nutritional status significantly influenced y⁺LAT1 mRNA expression in fish tissues, such as down-regulation of y⁺LAT1 mRNA expression after fasting (14 days).     

草坪害虫中喙丽金龟幼虫的空间分布与理论抽样数

本文采用扩散指标法和Iwao、Taylor回归法测定了上海辰山植物园内‘矮生百慕大’Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis‘Tifdwarf’和日本结缕草Zoysia japonica上的中喙丽金龟Adoretus sinicus越冬幼虫的空间分布型。结果表明,中喙丽金龟幼虫在两种草坪草根部土壤中不同区域的密度相差较大(5~139头/m~2);幼虫在两种草坪草土壤中空间分布型均为聚集型的负二项分布,分布的基本成分为个体群。根据空间分布型的参数,确定了理论抽样数和Kuno序贯抽样方法。     

春季气温变暖导致禾谷缢管蚜时段性衰减的原因研究

对四川盆地21世纪开始以来各年春季气温变化、小麦禾谷缢管蚜及其天敌发生情况进行了分析.结果表明,以2、3月为中心的春季气温时段性显著变暖,激活了以多种瓢虫为主的天敌,使其发生期提早、发生量增加、捕食时间加长,从而在最关键的穗期前、中期显著增强了天敌的控制力,最终导致小麦禾谷缢管蚜的发生呈现时段性衰减.     

Effect of Dietary N‐acyl Homoserin Lactonase on the Immune Response and the Gut Microbiota of Zebrafish,Danio rerio,Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Quorum sensing interference is a novel strategy in bacterial disease control. Degradation of quorum sensing signal molecules, such as N‐acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), by enzymes is a potential interfering method. In this study, the in vivo effect of an N‐acyl homoserine lactonase from Bacillus sp. B546, AiiA_B546, on the protection of zebrafish, Danio rerio, against Aeromonas hydrophila infection was first investigated by co‐feeding. The short‐term immune responses and the long‐term effects on the gut microbiota of zebrafish were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The results showed that the expression levels of some anti‐infectious immunity‐related factors, including interleukin 10 (IL‐10), toll‐like receptor 5b (TLR5b), and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2a (iNOS2a) that were related to A. hydrophila virulent factors under regulation of quorum sensing, were more susceptible to the addition of AiiA_B546. It indicated that AiiA_B546 may attenuate the infection of A. hydrophila by interfering with quorum sensing. A. hydrophila was not detected in the enzyme co‐feeding diet group, which might be due to its inability to adhere to the gut with enzyme interference. This study revealed that AiiA_B546 as a feed additive might represent a novel biocontrol agent in aquaculture; however, the topic merits further investigations using fish species of commercial interest.     

山东省冬小麦产量差与氮肥利用效率差形成机理解析

【目的】量化山东省冬小麦产量差及氮肥利用效率差,分析产量差和效率差之间的关系,明确环境、栽培条件及生理因素对产量差的贡献,探讨协同缩差增效的可能途径,为冬小麦产量差缩减和资源利用效率提升提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2016—2020年在山东济宁、德州、烟台和淄博4市进行,综合肥料投入、播种密度和灌溉水平等管理措施,设置了超高产水平（SH）、高产高效水平（HH）、农户水平（FP）和基础产量水平（ISP）4种模式,定量分析不同产量水平冬小麦产量差和氮肥利用效率差,分析产量差和效率差之间关系,讨论产量差和效率差形成的影响因素及缩差增效的可能途径。【结果】当前山东冬小麦高产纪录与SH、SH与HH、HH与FP以及FP与ISP之间的产量差分别为2 729.1、674.3、1 042.9和4 349.8 kg·hm^-2,SH与HH、HH与FP之间的氮肥偏生产力差分别为-13.54和15.67 kg·kg^-1;产量和氮肥偏生产力之间存在着二次抛物线关系。当前降水、光温等不可控因素和肥水投入等可控因素对产量差的贡献率分别为31.16%和68.84%。结果显示,平均叶面积指数（MLAI）、平均净同化率（MNAR）、单位面积穗数（EN）和粒重（GW）差与SH和HH之间的产量差呈显著正相关关系;而收获指数（HI）、穗粒数（GN）和粒重（GW）差与HH和FP之间的产量差呈显著正相关。SH和HH处理较FP处理有更高的地上部生物量、单株分蘖数以及分蘖成穗率。【结论】当前山东省冬小麦农户产量只实现了最高纪录产量的64.34%,通过优化水肥投入量、提高追肥比例、增施有机肥和锌肥等栽培措施可使冬小麦产量差缩减23.46%,氮肥偏生产力提高56.99%。花后物质生产能力仍然是小麦产量提升的限制因素,在保证花后光合同化的同时,提高花前物质的再转运以提高收获指数是农户模式向高产高效发展的有效途径。     

水培绿巨人试验研究

试验以盆栽健壮的绿巨人为试材,采用水培法经不同浓度的萘乙酸(NAA)处理,进行诱导水生根系试验,然后用诱导的水生根系材料进行营养液培养。结果表明:当NAA浓度为100 mg/kg时,对绿巨人水生根系的诱导效果最好,驯化的水生根系数量多、粗壮,且生根时间最早;1/2日本园式配方营养液最适合绿巨人的生长,其植株长势最好、根系质量好,且花期最长。     

中国林产品出口面临的绿色贸易壁垒1）

近年来,随着关税壁垒和传统非关税壁垒作用的弱化,绿色贸易壁垒在国际贸易领域日益盛行,其作用和影响不断强化,对世界经济和国际贸易产生深远影响。作为世界林产品生产和贸易大国,我国林产品出口贸易发展受到绿色贸易壁垒的严重制约,以绿色技术标准、卫生检验检疫制度和各种认证制度为主要形式的绿色贸易壁垒已经成为我国林产品出口的重要障碍。防范和破解绿色贸易壁垒是一项系统工程,需要政府、行业协会和企业的协同应对,从而保证我国林产品出口贸易的可持续发展。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of Haematococcus pluvialis powder on gonadal development,coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

The green algae Haematococcus pluvialis is an important source of natural astaxanthin as feed additive. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of H. pluvialis powder on gonadal development, coloration and antioxidant capacity of adult male Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, and four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of H. pluvialis powder. There were four treatments (defined as D1~D4) in this study and each treatment had three replicates. Dietary H. pluvialis contents had no significant effects on survival, body weight gain rate and gonadal development of male E. sinensis. For colour parameters, the total carotenoids content in carapace and hepatopancreas as well as hepatopancreatic lightness (L*) and carapace redness (a*) increased significantly with increasing dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05). For the antioxidant indices in the serum, D4 had the lowest activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), but the highest glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and hepatopancreas decreased significantly with the rising content of dietary H. pluvialis (p < 0.05); D1 had the highest levels of SOD, POD and GSH‐Px in hepatopancreas. For the non‐specific immune indices, the highest activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) were found on the serum of D3 and D4 (p < 0.05). D1 had the highest levels of ACP and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in hepatopancreas, while D2 and D3 had the lowest levels of ALP and ACP respectively. These results suggested the optimal dietary natural astaxanthin level was around 40 mg/kg diets.