基于格网的GCM数据修订分析未来海南岛农业水热资源的变化特征

以海南岛为研究区域,选用5个大气环流模式（GCMs）1970−1999年的逐日输出数据和同期地面气象观测数据,使用空间插值降尺度到0.5°×0.5°格网。以格网单元为基础,应用系统误差修订（修正值法或比值法）和多模式集合平均方法（贝叶斯模型平均法BMA或等权重平均法EW）,训练与验证GCMs输出值并进行综合修订。在此基础上,分析RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下,未来海南岛近期（2020−2059年）和远期（2060−2099年）农业水热资源,包括年平均气温、1月平均气温、≥10℃积温、≥20℃积温、年降水量、1月降水量和≥20℃界限温度生长期间降水量的变化特征。结果表明：GCMs输出值的系统误差和BMA权重系数在格网间存在较大的空间差异,且GCMs输出值低估逐日最高气温约3.55℃,高估逐日最低气温约1.19℃,逐日降水量仅为观测值的54.35%。基于格网的综合修订,可有效降低GCMs输出值在空间上的不确定性,BMA与EW的修订结果相似,均优于单一GCM模式。通过格网BMA综合修订后,最高气温、最低气温和降水量在验证期的相关系数r分别约提升0.10、0.07和0.06;均方根误差RMSE分别约降低2.38℃、1.01℃和1.01mm;较单一GCM相对观测值的偏差平均约减少3.25℃、1.13℃和25.67mm。未来海南岛农业热量资源在空间上主要表现为从中部向外围逐渐升高,高温主要分布在南部至西部沿海地区,年平均气温的增幅全岛较为接近,1月平均气温、≥10℃积温和≥20℃积温的增幅分别表现为由东向西、由北向南和由中部向外围递减。在时间上,RCP8.5情景下所有农业热量资源均为极显著增加且增温最快,RCP4.5情景为先增加后平缓,RCP2.6情景较为平缓,远期无显著增温。未来海南岛降水资源在空间上转为由东向西逐步递减的格局,南部和北部沿海地区降水变率增加,西部和中部降水变率减少,在时间上无显著变化趋势。随着未来海南岛气候变暖和降水格局的改变,农作物适宜种植面积扩大,会对农业生产带来巨大挑战,应提前布局,做好趋利避害。     

Red soil chemistry and mineralogy reflect uniform weathering environments in fluvial sediments, Taiwan

Purpose

Information on the physicochemical properties, mineral species and micromorphology of lateritic soils and gravel soil layers in paleo-environmental soil profile is severely lacking. Red soil profile of the Taoyuan terrace was employed to demonstrate its different extents of lateritic weathering. The objectives of this study were to compare the physicochemical properties of lateritic soils and gravel soil layers and identify using conventional and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses mineral species in nanoparticles separated by automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) apparatus.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from paleo-environmental lateritic soils. Soil samples were examined using elemental analysis, conventional and synchrotron XRD analyses, high gradient magnetic separation, separation and collection of nanoparticles by AUD apparatus, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results and discussion

The soil pH, redness index, quantities of free Al- and Fe-oxides (Al_d and Fe_d), and clay content of lateritic soils are higher than those of gravel soil layers. Illite, kaolinite, gibbsite, quartz, goethite, and hematite were identified in clay fractions and nanoparticles by conventional and synchrotron XRD analyses. TEM images show presence of hematite nanoparticles on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range of 4?C7?nm. Synchrotron XRD techniques are more straightforward and powerful than conventional XRD with random powder methods for identifying nanoparticles in red soils, particularly for illite, kaolinite, goethite, and hematite nanoparticles. According to chemical compositions of clay fractions and red soil features in the Taoyuan terrace, these red soils can be taken as lateritic red earths or red earths.

Conclusions

This work suggests that physicochemical properties, mineral species, and micromorphology of red soil at all depths can shed light on the extent of paleo-environmental lateritic weathering.     

塔里木盆地多种沙源类型沙通量异变特征研究

以塔里木盆地周边地区多种沙尘源地为研究区,通过塔中、肖塘、若羌、策勒四个风沙观测场获取的沙尘暴过程中贴地层风向、风速数据以及风蚀传感器实测的撞击颗粒数等数据计算出各地起沙临界摩擦速度,利用Gillette经典的垂直沙尘通量及Lettau水平沙尘通量公式对若羌、策勒、塔中、肖塘沙尘通量进行了估算,并通过各层实测的梯度风速作为背景值界定出塔里木盆地多种沙源类型沙通量变化比对特征,结果表明:垂直沙尘通量F量级为10-8kg/(m2.s),水平沙尘通量Q量级为10-4 kg/(m.s);风速相同情况下,F若羌最大,策勒次之,塔中、肖塘较小;Q若羌值最大,策勒次之,塔中第三,肖塘最小。垂直沙通量F与风速都表现出较好的线性相关,风速递增,垂直沙通量递增;风速递减,垂直沙通量递减。在风速递增幅度相同条件下,若羌Q值递增幅度最大,策勒次之,塔中、肖塘基本相同。     

贵州草海湿地农田沟渠沉积物氮磷的吸附动力学及影响因素

以草海-湿地农田沟渠系统为研究对象,运用模拟实验的方法,针对沟渠系统对氮磷的截留效用、沟渠沉积物对氮磷的吸附动力学及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,湿地农田沟渠系统对TP和TN的截留率分别为66.7%～79.7%和66.0%～76.4%,对NH4＋-N的截留率最高,为82.8%～89.3%。沟渠沉积物与太湖、滇池沉积物相比较而言,沉积物对PO4-3-P和NH4＋-N吸附平衡时间较长。盐度、[SO42-]和[NO3-]对PO43--P和NH4＋-N的吸附都具有一定的抑制作用;而[Ca2＋]对两者的影响具有明显的差别：Ca^2＋对PO43--P的吸附在低浓度下抑制,在高浓度下有促进作用;对NH4＋-N的吸附具有明显的抑制作用,且当[Ca^2＋]浓度为5mg·L^-1时吸附量最小。     

围封对流动沙丘表层土壤有机碳、全氮和活性有机碳的影响

以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同围封年限(14年和26年)下科尔沁退化沙质草地表层(0-15cm)土壤有机碳、全氮及活性有机碳的变化。结果表明:流动沙丘围封显著提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量,14年和26年围封样地SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC含量均随围封年限的增加而增加,且0-5cm层增幅高于5-15cm层。14年和26年围封样地土壤碳氮比显著高于流动沙丘,但2个围封样地之间差异不显著。流动沙丘围封也显著增加了表层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量,0-15cm土层SOC、TN、LFOC和MBC储量均表现为26年围封地>14年围封地>流动沙丘。相关分析表明,LFOC、MBC均与SOC存在极显著正相关关系,说明LFOC和MBC均可作为衡量土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

基于生态足迹法的高速公路生态环境影响评价--以宝汉线为例

以生态足迹法为基础,阐述了高速公路建设对生态环境的影响。以高速公路宝(宝鸡市)汉(汉中市)线为例,将污染消纳生态足迹考虑其中,计算了高速公路修建前后沿线县域生态足迹与生态容量的变化,预测评价了研究段公路建设对当地生态环境的影响程度。研究结果表明,高速公路建设后,沿线的县域人均生态赤字增加0.016 4hm2,生态压力指数较建设前略有增加,表明高速公路的修建对区域生态环境和自然生态系统的安全性产生了一定的影响。     

Nitrogen metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat in response to irrigation regimes

Although scarcity of irrigation water is one of the key limiting factors for wheat production in many regions of the world, by using partial irrigation at strategic times during the growing season, it might be possible to enhance productivity. We measured the changes in various parameters related to nitrogen (N) metabolism in flag leaf and grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (cv. Jinan 17 and Lumai 21), which were subjected to five irrigation regimes until physiological maturity. Severely deficient or excessive irrigation during grain filling decreased the photosynthetic rate (A), the concentrations of N, free amino acid, and soluble protein, as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and endopeptidase (EP) activity, though grain protein concentration might mainly depend on genotype. The activities of NR and GS were significantly positively correlated with A, but those of EP were significantly negatively correlated with A. The results indicate that while severe water stress aggravates the adverse effect on nitrogen metabolism, excessive soil moisture is also not useful during the grain‐filling stage, resulting in lower grain yield and quality. Our results suggest that applying an optimal irrigation regime in wheat fields still plays an important role in the improvement of grain yield and quality.     

宁夏枸杞主产区土壤化学肥力现状及评价

枸杞是著名的中药材,也是宁夏的优势特色作物,为探明宁夏枸杞主产区土壤质量现状,于2021年对宁夏枸杞主产区中宁县7个乡镇的枸杞园土壤进行了多点调查及土壤养分测定,依据我国北方果园养分划分标准及其他产区枸杞园养分状况对宁夏枸杞主产区养分现状进行评价。研究结果表明：（1）在枸杞返青前0～100 cm剖面土壤含水量平均约14.5%;耕层（0～40 cm）pH、EC均值分别为8.02、817.4μS/cm,有机质含量均值为8.59g/kg,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均值分别为62.2、104.1、273.1 mg/kg。（2）0～100 cm剖面含水量变化较大,其中70～80 cm含水量相对较低;从表层10 cm至下层100 cm土壤盐分含量呈递减趋势,表层EC值达1045.4μS/cm,较下层100 cm处高47.8%;碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量从20 cm至100 cm均呈递减趋势,碱解氮含量在40 cm处变化幅度较大,有效磷和速效钾含量在60 cm处变化幅度较大。（3）依据果园养分质量评价标准,耕层0～40 cm土壤质量总体偏碱性,表层0～10 cm轻度盐渍化,20 cm以下虽未达到盐渍...     

广西优角蚱属一新种(直翅目:刺翼蚱科)

记述刺翼蚱科Scelimenidae优角蚱属Eucriotettix一新种,即桂平优角蚱Eucriotettix guipingensis sp.nov..     

广西龙州蝗属一新种记述(直翅目:斑腿蝗科)

记述龙州蝗属一新种,即斑角龙州蝗Longzhouacris annulicornis,sp.nov..模式标本保存在广西大学农学院昆虫标本室.编制了龙州蝗属已知种分类检索表.