藁本属药用植物分子生物学研究进展

藁本属内大多植物为我国传统中药材,具有活血行气、散寒、除湿、祛风止痛的作用.然而目前对藁本属植物的研究大多集中在栽培种植技术、药用成分价值等方面,分子技术研究较少,研究面比较窄,导致对其更进一步的分子育种、药效成分的基因定位等研究进展缓慢.该研究归纳国内外藁本属植物的遗传多样性、DNA基因鉴别、功能基因克隆、转录组等研究进展,分析了藁本属植物分子生物学研究的不足,并对未来研究应关注的方向进行了展望,以期为藁本属植物的分子生物学研究提供参考依据.     

施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响

经3 a的试验研究,探讨了施用畜禽有机肥对辽河三角洲养蟹稻田水土环境的影响.结果显示,畜禽有机肥可极显著地增加养蟹稻田耕层土壤的速效氮、磷、钾的供应量,显著增加有机质含量,最终显著增加水稻产量,增产的幅度可达10.6％～14.8％.畜禽有机肥可降低耕层土壤氧化还原电位(Eh),增大田面水体中BOD5、COD的含量,所以...     

油菜秸秆饲料化潜力及展望

为了研究油菜秸秆饲料化利用技术,综述了国内外近30年对油菜秸秆的研究,发现油菜秸秆粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量较高,饲用潜力大,但油菜秸秆因其木质化程度高、适口性差在实际生产中难以饲喂而存在大量丢弃、焚烧的情况。有关油菜秸秆饲料化技术的研究还存在不足,油菜秸秆饲用的限制因素难以得到解决,因此,今后还需研究如何改善油菜秸秆的适口性以增加动物的采食量,提高油菜秸秆的利用效率。本研究从油菜秸秆的饲用潜力出发,探讨了限制油菜秸秆饲用的因素,综述了目前已有的氨化、青贮、微贮等油菜秸秆饲料化技术,分析了不同技术的优缺点,并进一步提出了未来油菜秸秆饲料化有可能的研究方向。     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

新疆库尔勒地区羊源产志贺毒素大肠杆菌及其耐药性分析

为了解新疆库尔勒地区羊源产志贺毒素大肠杆菌（Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,STEC）毒力基因的分布情况及其耐药性,对新疆库尔勒地区羊肉生产环节（养殖场、定点屠宰场和市场）的282份样品进行STEC的分离鉴定,并检测毒力基因的编码情况,进一步检测了17种常用抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明：羊肉生产环节样品中检出72株STEC,检出率为25.5%。72株STEC中编码毒力基因stx1+stx2、stx1、stx2、rfbE、eae、hly的数量分别为22、45、2、0、4、51个。其中,羊养殖场中存在较多的非O157 STEC,检出率为37.3%;stx以stx1为主,检出率达到了652%。72株STEC中以β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类抗生素耐药为主,STEC菌株的多重耐药比较严重,最多可耐9种抗生素,多重耐药情况主要是耐1种和耐2种抗生素。研究表明,羊肉生产环节中羊养殖场存在大量的非O157 STEC菌株,且耐药情况比较严重,务必预防源头污染。     

稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比筛选

【目的】以腐殖质组成特征为评价依据,筛选稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比,为两类农业固体废弃物的资源化应用提供参考。【方法】以稻草和牛粪为材料,采用室内培养法,研究稻草与牛粪质量比为10∶0(Rs),9∶1(Rd1),7∶3(Rd2),5∶5(Rd3),3∶7(Rd4),1∶9(Rd5)和0∶10(Dm)混合腐解90 d,各处理水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(Hu)组分的有机碳含量(依次表述为C_(WSS)、C_(HE)、C_(HA)、C_(Hu)),以及胡敏酸碱溶液E_4/E_6、腐殖化系数(C_(HA)/C_(FA))的动态变化,筛选稻草与牛粪腐解的最佳配比。【结果】与0 d相比,在腐解完成(90 d)后,各处理C_(WSS)含量均有不同程度降低,相比于稻草,牛粪腐解后更易促进微生物对C_(WSS)的利用,使其下降86.2%;Rd2和Rd5处理使物料C_(HE)含量分别增加10.2%和28.6%,其余处理C_(HE)均有不同程度消耗;与0 d相比,腐解完成后,Rd1、Rd3和Dm处理均有助于C_(HA)的积累,其中牛粪腐解更易促进C_(HA)的形成,使其增加30.5%。在各处理下,物料HA分子均先发生降解、脂族化,而后逐渐缩合、芳香化,但HA分子结构仍趋于简单;在促进HA分子脂族化方面,Rd4处理的优势最大,而Dm处理更有利于HA结构的稳定。Rd3处理在促进腐殖质品质方面的贡献最大,其次为Rd1处理,Dm和Rs处理次之,但Rd2和Rd5处理不利于腐殖质品质的改善;Rs、Rd1、Rd2、Rd3和Rd4处理在腐解过程中更有利于C_(Hu)的分解,且Rd3处理的优势最大,使C_(Hu)含量下降91.0%,而牛粪比例≥90%更有助于C_(Hu)的累积。【结论】稻草与牛粪按照质量比5∶5混合腐解,易促进C_(Hu)的分解和C_(HA)的积累,利于腐殖质品质提升。     

贝母属植物叶绿体基因组候选SNP位点应用分析

贝母属植物是中国中药材的宝库,由于形态上难以区分,在民间应用、临床应用和中药市场中还存在混淆应用、以次充好的现象,急需开发基于新型分子标记位点的精准检测方法。本研究应用多重序列比对、SNP筛选等生物信息学分析手段,对贝母属15种植物28条叶绿体基因组序列进行分析。结果发现,贝母属叶绿体基因组DNA同源性达97.22%,通过分析共发现SNP位点5879个,其中川贝母类鉴别候选位点71个,川贝母鉴别候选位点4个,瓦布贝母鉴别候选位点37个,太白贝母鉴别候选位点147个,浙贝母鉴别候选位点91个,湖北贝母鉴别候选位点271个,平贝母鉴别候选位点1393个,伊贝母鉴别候选位点89个。本研究还对SNP位点在精准鉴定、精确定量应用方面进行了讨论,可为川贝母中药资源鉴定提供技术支撑。     

Effects of Altitude Change on Nutritional Quality and Elymus nutans Regularity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In order to reveal the effects of different altitudes on the nutritional quality of wild forage in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study used Elymus nutans as the tested plants to evaluate the changes of nutrient contents and the correlation between the nutrient contents and altitudes.Four sampling sites were set up at altitudes of 2 562,2 660,2 775 and 2 905 m with the vertical distance among each sampling point was about 100 m.The results showed that the crude protein,ash and phosphorus contents of Elymus nutans decreased significantly with an increase in altitudes.The crude protein contents decreased by 1.87 % with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude protein contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0187x+63.244 (R~2=0.9557)".The crude ash contents decreased by 1.77% with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude ash contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0177x+56.144 (R~2=0.978)".Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed an overall increasing trend with the increase of altitudes,but the most obvious increase was at 2 775 m.The contents of crude fat and Ca did not change regularly with altitudes.