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201.
One challenge in predictive modelling of productivity for pastures varying in topography, soils or management is to achieve the prediction over space with acceptable accuracy. As a new modelling approach, the decision tree has been shown to have high predictive accuracy; while geographical information systems (GISs), with their strong ability to deal with spatial factors, have been widely used in environmental modelling. Integration of a decision tree approach with a GIS offers a potential solution in meeting this challenge. In this study, decision tree models were developed for annual and seasonal pasture productivity (aboveground dry matter in kg/ha) using environmental and management variables and the outputs of these decision trees were integrated with a GIS to get predictions of pasture productivity in a hill-pasture grazing system. Results showed that the decision tree model for annual pasture productivity adequately predicted 91% of cases in the model validation, and the GIS-based prediction for annual pasture productivity was verified in three of four test farmlets. The decision tree models also revealed the relative importance of environmental and management variables and their interaction in influencing pasture productivity. Hill slope, soil Olsen P and annual P fertiliser input were the most significant variables influencing annual pasture productivity, while hill slope, annual P fertiliser input, autumn rainfall and soil Olsen P were the most significant variables influencing spring, summer, autumn and winter pasture productivity, respectively. The successful integration of the decision tree model with a GIS in this study provided a platform to predict pasture productivity for pastures with heterogeneous environmental variables and management features, and to present model predictions over space for further application and investigation. This modelling approach can be used as, or incorporated in, decision support systems to improve pasture management, and to investigate the interrelationship between pasture productivity and environmental and management variables. 相似文献
202.
203.
The relative aggressiveness ofPhytophthora infestons clones in potato tubers was compared in three trials using 7 to 24 isolates of 2 to 4 clones. Visible rot developed slowly at 13C with isolates of the US-1 genotype, the only significant clone found in North America prior to 1979, but substantially faster with most isolates of the newer clonal genotypes US-6, US-7 and US-8. Certain US-7 isolates were similar to US-1, and US-6 isolates also had a broad range of aggressiveness. Secondary infection byFusarium sp. increased rot development in many instances, but this effect was not clone-related. Differences in rot development may affect potato storage or late blight disease transmission. 相似文献
204.
205.
W. G. E. J. Schoonen J. C. M. Granneman J. G. D. Lambert 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,6(2):91-112
As part of a series of experiments concerning a possible pheromonal function of steroids and steroid glucuronides excreted by the sex organs of the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus, qualitative and quantitative studies, using GCMS, were carried out to examine the presence of the steroids, that can be synthesized by the ovary during oocyte maturation and ovulation, and of the corresponding steroid glucuronides, in the fluid surrounding the eggs in the ovarian cavity shortly after ovulation.Full mass spectra were obtained of 5-pregnane-3,17-diol-20-one, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol, 5-pregnane-3,6,17-triol-20-one, 5-pregnane-3,6,17,20-tetrol, 5-androstane-3,17-diol and 5-androstane-3,17-diol-11-one. After selected ion monitoring the following steroids could be detected by the presence of at least two characteristic ions at the expected retention time: 5-pregnane-3, 17,20-triol, etiocholanolone, 5-dihydrotestosterone, 5-androstane-3,11-diol-17-one, testosterone and estradiol. After treatment with -glucuronidase the following steroids could be determined in a similar way: 5-pregnane-3,17-diol-20-one, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol, 5-pregnane-3,6,17-triol-20-one, 5-pregnane,3,6,17,20-tetrol, 5-androstane-3,17-diol, etiocholanolone, 5-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and estradiol.The free steroids 5-pregnane-3,6,17,20-tetrol and 5-pregnane-3,6,17-triol-20-one and the steroid glucuronides of testosterone, 5-dihydrotestosterone and estradiol appeared to be the most abundant of these compounds. The results indicate that very polar steroids and steroid glucuronides, synthesized in the ovary, can be excreted via the ovarian fluid shortly before and during oviposition, and possibly function as sex attractants, inducing reproductive behaviour in male conspecifics. 相似文献
206.
Roger J Quy Richard W Watkins Mark S Lambert David P Cowan 《Pest management science》2009,65(3):275-282
BACKGROUND: Tracking and census baiting are two techniques that are commonly advocated for monitoring the size of mouse populations. However, currently these techniques are only able to provide an index of population size, rather than an assessment of absolute numbers. In this study the authors tested the reliability of both tracking (footprints left on tiles of fixed size) and census baiting as indices of population size, and sought to calibrate levels of activity and bait consumption under both semi‐natural and field conditions (inside farm buildings). RESULTS: Under semi‐natural conditions, census baiting produced more satisfactory population estimates than those derived from tracking activity. An initial field trial established that the optimum bait point density for this technique was 1 point per 2 m. Subsequent field trials demonstrated that the bait census technique offers a way to estimate the approximate size of stable populations of mice (population size = (mean daily bait consumption ‐ 36.3)/2.46). CONCLUSION: The results to date are sufficiently encouraging to support the use of this cost‐effective approach to monitoring mouse numbers in the type of habitats investigated in this study. © Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
207.
Sindt JJ Drouillard JS Thippareddi H Phebus RK Coetzer CM Kerr KD Lambert DL Farran TB Montgomery SP LaBrune HJ 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(4):1170-1176
Six ruminally cannulated Angus-cross steers (362 kg) were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to determine effects of supplementing Maillard reaction products (MRP) on acid-resistant E. coli and coliform populations. Steers were fed roughage-based diets supplemented (DM basis) with either 10% soybean meal (SBM), 10% nonenzymatically browned SBM (NESBM), or 10% SBM top-dressed with 45 g of a lysine-dextrose Maillard reaction product (LD-MRP). Equal weights of dextrose, lysine hydrochloride, and deionized water were refluxed to produce the LD-MRP. The NESBM was manufactured by treating SBM with invertase enzyme, followed by heating to induce nonenzymatic browning. Steers were allowed slightly less than ad libitum access to diets fed twice daily and were adapted to their respective treatments within 10 d. On d 11, ruminal and fecal samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after feeding from each of the steers and transported to the laboratory for microbial analysis. Ruminal samples and feces were analyzed for pH and VFA, and both ruminal fluid and feces were tested for acid-resistant E. coli and total coliforms by incubating samples in tryptic soy broth adjusted to pH 2, 4, and 7. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentrations did not differ among treatments. The molar proportion of ruminal acetate was higher (P < 0.05) for steers receiving NESBM than for steers receiving SBM and LD-MRP. At pH 4, steers that received NESBM had lower (P < 0.05) ruminal populations of E. coli and total coliforms than steers that received SBM. No differences were observed for ruminal E. coli and total coliforms at pH 2 and 7. Fecal pH was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed NESBM than for steers fed SBM or LD-MRP. Molar proportions of fecal acetate were lower (P < 0.05) and proportions of butyrate and isovalerate were higher (P < 0.05) for steers fed NESBM compared with steers fed SBM. Fecal E. coli at pH 4 was lower (P < 0.05) for steers fed NESBM than for steers fed LD-MRP. Fecal E. coli and total coliforms at pH 2 and 7 did not differ among treatments. Dietary MRP had limited effectiveness at decreasing acid-resistant coliforms in the rumen and feces of cattle. Acid resistance in coliforms may depend on protein availability. 相似文献
208.
Birnbaum K Shasha DE Wang JY Jung JW Lambert GM Galbraith DW Benfey PN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5652):1956-1960
A global map of gene expression within an organ can identify genes with coordinated expression in localized domains, thereby relating gene activity to cell fate and tissue specialization. Here, we present localization of expression of more than 22,000 genes in the Arabidopsis root. Gene expression was mapped to 15 different zones of the root that correspond to cell types and tissues at progressive developmental stages. Patterns of gene expression traverse traditional anatomical boundaries and show cassettes of hormonal response. Chromosomal clustering defined some coregulated genes. This expression map correlates groups of genes to specific cell fates and should serve to guide reverse genetics. 相似文献
209.
G Pedrana MH Viotti E Souza D Sloboda GB Martin D Cavestany HH Ortega 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(5):795-802
Pre‐natal glucocorticoids are used in women at risk of preterm delivery to induce foetal lung maturation. However, glucocorticoids can produce negative outcomes for other tissues such as the reproductive system. We therefore tested the effects of pre‐natal betamethasone on testicular morphology and apoptotic protein immune expression during pre‐ and post‐natal development. Pregnant ewes (n = 42) bearing singleton male foetuses were randomly allocated to receive intramuscular injections of saline or betamethasone (0. 5 mg/kg) at 104, 111 and 118 days of gestation (DG). Testes were collected at 121 and 132 DG, and at 45 and 90 post‐natal days (PD) and subjected to morphometric analysis (volume densities of sex cords and interstitial tissues; sex cord diameter). Immunohistochemistry (% stained area) was used to assess active caspase‐3, Bax, Bcl‐2 and cell‐cycle proteins (PCNA). Compared with control values, betamethasone treatment decreased sex cord diameter at 121 DG, 45 and 90 PD, and sex cord volume at 90 PD. Active caspase‐3 was decreased by betamethasone at 121 DG and 90 PD, but Bax was increased in all betamethasone groups. Bcl‐2 and PCNA decreased in the betamethasone groups at 121 DG and 45 PD, but increased at 132 DG and 90 PD. We conclude that high levels of pre‐natally administered glucocorticoid reduce foetal testicular development, perhaps via changes in the balance between pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins and cell‐cycle proteins. These outcomes could compromise the future spermatogenic potential of male offspring. 相似文献
210.
A. Teshome B.R. Baum L. Fahrig J.K. Torrance T.J. Arnason J.D. Lambert 《Euphytica》1997,97(3):255-263
Fourteen phenotypic characters were chosen for the purpose of obtaining taxonomic evidence on the resemblances of 177 accessions
of sorghum from North Shewa and South Welo regions of Ethiopia. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and Modeclus cluster
analysis were conducted to see if the 177 accessions could form clusters based on their morphological characters, and to test
the consistency of farmers’ naming of the five most common Sorghum landraces represented by 44 accessions. Multivariate analyses
grouped the 177 accessions into three clusters linked by a few phenotypic intermediate landraces. A botanical key was established
for easy classification of the Sorghum crop plants grown in the study area. The number of accessions of the five most common
landraces named by the farmers formed dissimilar groups, suggesting that farmers’ naming of these Sorghum landraces are consistent.
Midrib color, grain color, grain size, glume color, glume hairiness, and grain shape were the leading morphological characters
used by the farmers in naming these Sorghum landraces.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献