外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天吸收和积累锌的影响

通过溶液培养试验,比较研究了外源有机酸对两种生态型东南景天生长和锌吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,外加柠檬酸或草酸能明显增强非超积累生态型东南景天的耐锌毒能力,叶片、茎和根系的生物量均有增加;而对锌超积累生态型东南景天的生长没有显著性影响。外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸,锌超积累生态型根系Zn含量显著增加,但叶片和茎组织中Zn含量无明显变化;而非超积累生态型叶片、茎和根系Zn含量均显著增加,尤其是根系Zn含量,与单独Zn处理相比外源有机酸处理增加4～5倍。同样,外加柠檬酸、草酸或柠檬酸+草酸明显提高Zn在非超积累生态型根系和地上部的积累量,且对地上部Zn积累量的促进程度大于根部;柠檬酸的促进作用又比草酸及2种酸混合处理高1倍。然而,有机酸处理对Zn超积累生态型根系Zn积累量有所增加,但对叶片和茎中Zn积累量无影响。叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量也受外源有机酸的影响,2种生态型叶片、茎中水溶态Zn含量均受有机酸处理而提高。Zn超积累生态型叶片和茎中水溶态Zn含量占总Zn含量比例也受有机酸处理而增大,但非超积累生态型则显著降低。上述结果表明,柠檬酸和草酸可能作为其Zn吸收的配基,促进根系对Zn吸收与积累,叶片和茎中的Zn可能与可溶性有机化合物或无机盐结合。     

草本植物混播对公路边坡的防护效果研究

草本植物混播应用于高等级公路边坡防护,具有减少噪音、防冲减蚀和改善公路沿线生态环境的良好效果。播种当年地表植被覆盖度达89.5%以上,可分别减少径流、泥沙36.5%和82.7%以上,次年地表覆盖度可达95%以上,基本上无水土流失且对土壤的改良作用明显。其中百喜草(50%)+白三叶(50%)的效果最好,高羊茅(40%)+白三叶(40%)+多年生黑麦草(20%)的效果次之,多年生黑麦草(30%)+早熟禾(30%)+白三叶(40%)的效果居第三。     

铜尾矿污染土壤几种牧草的重金属抗性及微生物群落功能多样性研究

Copper （Cu） mine tailings, because of their high content of heavy metals, are usually hostile to plant colonization. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of four forage grasses to heavy metals in Cu mine tailings and to examine the variation in the microbial functional diversity of soils from the tailing sites in southern China. All the four grass species survived on Cu mine tailings and Cu mine tailing-soil mixture. However, on pure mine tailings, the growth was minimal, whereas the growth was maximum for the control without mine tailings. The tolerance of grasses to heavy metals followed the sequence： Paspalum notatum 〉 Festuea arundinaeea 〉 Lolium perenne 〉 Cynodon daetylon. The planting of forage grasses enhanced the soil microbial biomass. The Biolog data indicated that the soil microbial metabolic profile values （average well color development, community richness, and Shannon index） of the four forage grasses also followed the sequence： P. notatum 〉 F. arundinaeea 〉 L. perenne 〉 C. daetylon. Thus, P. notatum, under the experimental conditions of this study, may be considered as the preferred plant species for revegetation of Cu mine tailing areas.     

基于137Cs示踪的丹江口市农用地土壤侵蚀与有机质流失分析

运用137Cs示踪技术探讨了丹江口市小流域不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀,并分析了137Cs含量与有机质和重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:农用地土壤侵蚀速率从大到小依次为沟谷旱地>坡耕地>菜田>水田>草地>灌丛,耕作土的侵蚀强度多为中度和强度侵蚀,非耕作土则是微度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质和重金属分布影响很大,有机质含量分布规律为草地>灌丛>菜田>水田>沟谷旱地>坡耕地;Pb与Ni含量为灌丛>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>菜田>水田;Cr与Cu含量为灌丛>菜田>坡耕地>草地>沟谷旱地>水田;Zn含量为灌丛>菜田>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>水田。对137Cs含量与土壤有机质、重金属含量进行回归分析的相关系数均在0.7以上,说明在景观简单的小流域,可以利用137Cs含量和数学模型预测土壤有机质和重金属的含量变化。     

外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

溶磷菌对燕麦生物量及植株氮、磷含量的影响

研究了接种10种溶磷菌剂对燕麦(Avena sativa)生物量和植株氮、磷含量的影响.结果表明:10种菌剂在单独接种菌剂(S)和菌剂+半量磷肥(SHP)处理下均能显著提高燕麦地上生物量;10种菌剂单独接种亦均能使燕麦地下生物量均显著高于CK(p<0.05),而菌剂与半量磷肥同时施用,只有接种Lx174菌剂的燕麦地下生物量显著高于单独施用半量磷肥(HP)和金量磷肥(TP)(p<0.05)的处理,其它菌剂接种的燕麦地下生物量与HP和TP间差异不显著(p>0.05).单独接种溶磷菌剂时,除Lx81和Dm84外的其它8种菌剂均可显著增加植株全磷含量,Lx22,Jx59,Lx174,Lm126显著增加全氮含量.10种菌剂与半量磷肥同时作用,Dm84,Jx59,Lx81,Jm92,Lx174,Dx68显著增加植株全磷含量;Lx22,Jx59,Lx81,Dx84显著增加植株全氮含量.综合分析认为Lx22,Jx59,Lx81,Jm92,Lx174在促进燕麦生长和植株氮、磷吸收方面潜能较大,可作为下一步燕麦溶磷菌肥料研制和开发的菌剂.     

绿肥还田对烟田土壤培肥和烤烟产量品质的作用

2006～2007年连续两年采用烤烟-绿肥轮作田间试验与室内分析方法,研究绿肥还田对土壤培肥和烤烟产量、品质的作用,取得良好效果。绿肥还田明显提高土壤有效磷钾养分含量。土壤速效磷以油菜区黑麦草区CK;土壤速效钾以黑麦草区油菜区CK。绿肥还田显著提高烟叶产量,改善烟叶品质。黑麦草区、油菜区分别比对照烟叶增产13.7%、16.4%,上、中等烟叶比例达90%以上。     

三峡库区苎麻护坎坡式梯地减蚀效益的~(137)Cs法研究

三峡库区丰都一带,苎麻护坎坡式梯地非常普遍。为了评估苎麻护坎坡式梯地的减蚀效益,在丰都十直镇采用137Cs示踪法测定了苎麻护坎坡式梯地和相邻坡耕地的侵蚀速率。测定结果表明,苎麻护坎坡式梯地的侵蚀模数为802.50 t/(km2.a),相邻坡耕地的侵蚀模数为2 299.70 t/(km2.a),减蚀效率达65.1%。     

长期不同耕作方式与秸秆还田对稻田镉生物有效性的影响

以湖南省典型双季稻区的土壤-水稻系统为研究对象,通过长期田间连续定位试验,研究不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对土壤-水稻系统镉生物有效性的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,共设4个处理:翻耕+秸秆不还田(CT);翻耕+秸秆还田(CTS);旋耕+秸秆还田(RTS);免耕+秸秆还田(NTS)。结果表明:NTS处理增加了土壤阳离子交换量,降低了粉粒的比例。NTS处理土壤总镉和离子交换态镉含量分别为(0.48±0.01)mg·kg~(-1)和(0.39±0.01)mg·kg~(-1),与CTS和RTS处理均无显著差异,但显著高于CT处理。NTS处理早稻和晚稻糙米总镉含量分别高达(0.30±0.04)mg·kg~(-1)和(0.60±0.07)mg·kg~(-1),超过0.20 mg·kg~(-1)的国家食品安全标准(GB 2762—2017),且显著高于其他处理。水稻糙米中总镉含量和土壤总镉、碳酸盐结合态镉和铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量显著正相关。研究表明,耕作强度越弱土壤中镉的生物有效性越高,秸秆还田相对于不还田处理增加了镉的生物有效性。耕作方式和秸秆还田通过影响土壤镉生物有效性进而影响水稻镉含量,免耕秸秆还田增加了土壤和水稻糙米中的镉,带来了镉超标的安全问题。