冬季3种高绿量道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用

[目的]明确不同道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用及其与主要气象因子的相关性,为筛选消减能力较强的道路防护林结构提供科学依据.[方法]以冬季苏北地区绿量较高的3种道路防护林[常绿针叶雪松(Cedrus deodara)纯林、常绿阔叶香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)纯林及垂柳(Salix babylonica)与龙柏(Sabina chinensis)混交林]为研究对象,连续监测防护林距道路不同林带宽度(10、20、30、40、50和60 m)处的PM2.5浓度、温度、相对湿度、风速及光照强度,以防护林与城市主干道边缘的交接处(0 m)为参照,分析不同道路防护林对PM2.5的消减作用及其与主要气象因子的相关性.[结果]3种道路防护林不同林带宽度的PM2.5浓度日变化规律均呈午间高、早晚低的特征;对应的PM2.5浓度均值分别在106~131、100~125和100~127μg/m3,均超出GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中的二级浓度标准(PM2.5二级浓度标准限值为75μg/m3),说明监测期间3种道路防护林的PM2.5污染较严重.3种道路防护林对PM2.5的消减率均值排序为雪松纯林(8.09%)>香樟纯林(4.54%)>垂柳与龙柏混交林(1.82%).其中,雪松纯林对PM2.5的消减率随着林带宽度的增加逐步上升;香樟纯林除了在林带宽度20~30 m处的PM2.5消减率略有下降外,其消减率也随着林带宽度的增加呈上升趋势;垂柳与龙柏混交林的PM2.5消减率较低,且随着林带宽度的增加其消减率出现明显起伏变化,但整体上呈下降趋势.3种道路防护林的PM2.5消减率与温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,下同),与相对湿度呈极显著负相关;对应线性回归方程分别为y=0.484x+0.654(R2=0.175)和y=-0.095x+11.682(R2=0.377).[结论]雪松纯林对PM2.5的消减能力较强,可作为强滞尘能力防护林带选用;而垂柳与龙柏混交林在林带宽度0~20 m处的PM2.5消减作用较明显,可作为道路边缘绿化带选用.     

东方山羊豆种质资源ISSR分析

[目的]分析东方山羊豆种质资源遗传多样性,为其种质资源鉴定评价、新品种选育及开发利用提供理论参考.[方法]以4份引进东方山羊豆种质及其29份杂交后代为材料,利用ISSR引物对其进行多态性扩增,并以PopGene 32计算其遗传参数,采用NTsys-pc 2.1计算遗传相似系数,运用SHAN模型中的非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)绘制聚类树状图.[结果]从24条ISSR引物中筛选出8条扩增条带清晰、多态性良好且易扩增的引物,利用其从33份东方山羊豆种质材料中共扩增出79条条带,其中65条具有多态性,多态百分率为82.15%;观察等位基因数(Na)为1.6667~2.0000,平均为1.8215,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.2212~1.5740,平均为1.4242;Nei'基因多样性指数(H)为0.1521~0.3322,平均为0.2509,Shannon多态信息指数(I)为0.2473~0.4976,平均为0.3813.这些种质材料遗传相似系数为0.5696~0.9241,平均为0.7623,在0.7140处可划分为三大类群(Ⅰ~Ⅲ),分别包含25、3和5份种质材料,不同地理来源种质相互混杂分布.[结论]东方山羊豆遗传多样性较丰富,其中第Ⅱ类群和第Ⅲ类群遗传多样性较第Ⅰ类群更丰富,具有优良亲本基因源选择的潜力,可作为东方山羊豆不同亲本选配和杂种优势加以利用.     

企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的珍珠层颜色及生长性状的比较分析

[目的]评价企鹅珍珠贝金唇选育系和白唇选育系的育种性能,为企鹅珍珠贝良种选育及优质珍珠培育提供参考依据.[方法]以海南(H)和广西(G)群体的金唇(J)、白唇(B)选育群体F2为亲本,构建4个自繁选育系(J-HH、J-GG、B-HH和B-GG)和2个杂交选育系(B-HG和J-GH),观察并统计6个F3选育系的珍珠层边缘颜色变异情况,综合比较6个F3选育系的生长性能及珍珠层颜色差异,并比较金唇选育系和白唇选育系左右壳及不同测量位点颜色的差异.[结果]3个金唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为0,3个白唇选育系群体的贝壳珍珠层颜色变异率为2.0%~5.5%,表明白唇表型相对于金唇表型为显性.金唇选育系左壳较右壳颜色更亮、偏黄红、鲜艳,其色差为2.77;白唇选育系右壳较左壳颜色暗、偏蓝绿,其色差为6.01.不论是金唇选育系还是白唇选育系,都是下测量位点比上测量位点颜色更暗、偏蓝绿,但同壳两测量位点的颜色差异较小.3个金唇选育系群体的体质量均显著大于3个白唇选育系群体(P<0.05,下同),金唇选育系与白唇选育系的贝壳珍珠层边缘颜色参数(L*、a*、b*、C*和ho)均存在显著差异.在金唇选育系中,J-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.390和0.415;在白唇选育系中,B-HH选育系生长性状及贝壳珍珠层颜色的综合评价值(Pi)均最高,分别为0.108和0.722.[结论]6个企鹅珍珠贝F3选育系的生长性能和珍珠层颜色均存在显著差异,其中,J-HH选育系可作为生长和金唇协同选育的最佳选育系,B-HH选育系可作为生长和白唇协同选育的最佳选育系.     

湖北和广西辣椒脉斑驳病毒的检测及 遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Pepper veinal mottle virus,PVMV)的分布及遗传变异,为明确该病毒在我国的流行扩散分子机制提供理论依据.[方法]利用特异性引物反转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测从湖北宜昌及广西南宁和百色采集的48份疑似感染PVMV的辣椒样本;采用常规Sanger测序测定PCR产物序列,序列采用MEGA 5.0构建系统发育进化树,采用RDP等算法分析其可能的重组事件;采用DnaSP v5分析病毒株系不同群体之间的基因流及基因差异.[结果]从48份辣椒样本中检测到5份样本被PVMV侵染,检出率10.42%.基因同源性比对分析结果表明,测定的PVMV湖北和广西分离物CP基因序列同源性在97.00%以上,与其他地区分离物的同源性为91.73%~98.78%.系统发育分析表明,湖北(YC)和广西(NN)PVMV分离物与我国台湾PVMV分离物的亲缘关系最近.重组分析表明,PVMV广西分离物NN10有2个重组事件.[结论]湖北和广西辣椒的PVMV检测结果表明,该病毒已扩散至湖北和广西;基因突变可能是PVMV湖北分离物遗传变异的主要方式之一;而基因重组和基因突变可能是PVMV广西分离物遗传变异的重要因子.     

5份武夷山乌龙茶种质资源的评价筛选

[目的]筛选适合武夷山地区种植的乌龙茶种质资源,为该地区茶树种质资源的利用和推广提供参考依据.[方法]在福建省武夷山进行乌龙茶品种区域试验,对比分析参试5份乌龙茶种质资源(品系8、品系9、品系10、品系11和品系12)的物候期、发芽密度、鲜叶产量、生化成分、感官品质和抗性.[结果]品系9的采摘期较早,品系10和品系12的采摘期居中,品系11的采摘期较晚,品系8的采摘期特晚,说明供试5份乌龙茶种质资源的物候期呈现梯度,茶采摘期呈合理分布状态.品系9和品系11在2015—2017年的平均发芽密度分别比CK增加7.79%和6.56%,而其他种质资源低于CK,品系9和品系11的平均鲜叶产量分别比CK增加3.53%和20.46%,其他种质资源的平均鲜叶产量均明显低于CK;5个品系的水浸出物含量分别为46.89%、47.81%、48.08%、48.22%和49.09%,均极显著高于CK(P<0.01).综合来看品系9和品质11表现较佳;品系9香气表现最好,评分为27.0;品系10的感官品质最佳,为91.1,比CK高4.7.品系9和品系11的抗寒性均优于CK,抗旱性二者均为强;品系11的抗虫性高于CK,品系9抗虫性为中抗,综合抗逆性指标以品系11表现最优.[结论]品系9和品系11乌龙茶种质资源适合在武夷山地区及生态类似地区推广种植.     

Long-term fertilization leads to specific PLFA finger-prints in Chinese Hapludults soil

Soil microbes play essential roles in the biogeochemical processes of organic carbon and nutrient cycling. Many studies have reported various short-term effects of fertilization on soil microbes. However, less is known about the effects of longterm fertilization regimes on the rhizosphere. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere respond to different long-term fertilization strategies. Based on a 21-year field treatment experiment in Guizhou, China, we extracted phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) to determine the microbial community structure in both the non-rhizosphere(NR) and rhizosphere(R). Six treatments were included: no fertilizer(CK), mineral nitrogen fertilizer(N), N with potassium(NK), phosphorus with K(PK), NPK, and NPK combined with manure(MNPK). The results showed that total PLFAs under unbalanced mineral fertilization(N, NK and PK) were decreased by 45% on average in the NR compared with CK, whereas MNPK increased fungi and G~– bacteria abundance significantly in both the NR(by 33 and 23%) and R(by 15 and 20%), respectively. In addition, all microbial groups in the R under these treatments(N, NK and PK) were significantly increased relative to those in the NR, except for the ratio of F/B and G~+/G~–, which might be due to the high nutrient availability in the R. Soil pH and SOC significantly regulated the soil microbial community and structure, explaining 51 and 20% of the variation in the NR, respectively. However, the rhizosphere microbial community structure was only significantly affected by soil pH(31%). We concluded that the soil microbial community in the NR was more strongly affected by long-term fertilization than that in the R due to the rhizosphere effect in the agricultural ecosystem. Rhizosphere nutrient conditions and buffering capacity could help microbial communities resist the change from the long-term fertilization.     

施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米子粒产量和饲用品质的影响

2017~2018年以主推粮饲兼用玉米陕科9号品种为材料,设0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm² 5个氮肥水平进行大田试验,测定不同氮肥处理下叶面积指数、产量和饲用品质和氮肥利用率等性状指标,分析施氮量对玉米子粒产量、饲用品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,叶面积指数、SPAD值和生物量增加;子粒产量随施氮量的增加先增加后稳定,此时最佳施氮量为268 kg/hm²,产量增加64.4%。随着氮肥增加,氮肥农学效率呈先增加后降低,氮肥偏生产力降低。饲用品质分析显示,子粒蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量随着施氮量增加而增加,在氮肥270 kg/hm²处理下分别较不施氮处理增加2.4%、13.7%和22.5%;秸秆中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别减少20.4%和18.1%,秸秆粗蛋白和体外干物质消化率分别增加22.5%和17.6%。适当增施氮肥改善玉米群体质量,增加产量和氮肥利用率,提高饲用价值。陕北灌区粮饲兼用玉米生产实践中,推荐适宜施氮量为268 kg/hm²。     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

Quantitative trait loci analysis for root traits in synthetic hexaploid wheat under drought stress conditions

Synthetic hexaploid wheat(SHW), possesses numerous genes for drought that can help breeding for drought-tolerant wheat varieties. We evaluated 10 root traits at seedling stage in 111 F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from a F2 population of a SHW line(SHW-L1) and a common wheat line, under normal(NC) and polyethylene glycol-simulated drought stress conditions(DC). We mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for root traits using an enriched high-density genetic map containing 120 370 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs), 733 diversity arrays technology markers(DArT) and 119 simple sequence repeats(SSRs). With four replicates per treatment, we identified 19 QTLs for root traits under NC and DC, and 12 of them could be consistently detected with three or four replicates. Two novel QTLs for root fresh weight and root diameter under NC explained 9 and 15.7% of the phenotypic variation respectively, and six novel QTLs for root fresh weight, the ratio of root water loss, total root surface area, number of root tips, and number of root forks under DC explained 8.5–14% of the phenotypic variation. Here seven of eight novel QTLs could be consistently detected with more than three replicates. Results provide essential information for fine-mapping QTLs related to drought tolerance that will facilitate breeding drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.     

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural exports

The COVID-19 outbreak has shocked the world's economies in the year of 2020. As this pandemic spreads around the globe, many experts feared that the global food supplies might start running short, especially if supply chains were disrupted. COVID-19 also added to the uncertainty of the business operation. Therefore, it is critical to understand how COVID-19 pandemic affected global food supply and market. In this study, we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export companies in China using a unique firm-level survey data. We found that although on average agricultural businesses experienced declines in the exports, exports of some agricultural products especially grain and oil held strong and even increased, implying the essential demand for staple food during the pandemic. Not surprisingly, exports of medicinal herb also increased significantly during the pandemic. However, exports of goods such as edible fungus and horticultural products sharply decreased. Our results also showed that in general, impact of COVID-19 on smaller firms was more severe than that on larger firms. The results of this study can provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural businesses and policy makers on their COVID-19 mitigation efforts to navigate this global pandemic.