富氢水预处理对小苍兰切花瓶插寿命及其抗氧化系统的影响

瓶插寿命短是小苍兰切花生产中存在的重要问题。本研究采用1%、10%、25%、50%和100%浓度的富氢水(hydrogen-rich water,HRW)溶液对小苍兰切花进行预处理。发现与去离子水预处理的对照相比,1%的HRW预处理,显著延长小苍兰的瓶插寿命,花序和单花的瓶插寿命分别比对照延长了15.99%和7.91%。1%的HRW预处理后,小苍兰切花萎蔫期的丙二醛含量显著低于对照。与对照相比,盛花期和萎蔫期超氧化物歧化酶活性显著增加,萎蔫期过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性显著增加。HRW处理后,小苍兰切花可能通过提高细胞的抗氧化能力,从而延长小苍兰切花的瓶插寿命。     

Overexpression of AmDUF1517 enhanced tolerance to salinity,drought, and cold stress in transgenic cotton

As abiotic stresses become more severe as a result of global climate changes, the growth and development of plants are restricted. In the development of agricultural crops with greater stress tolerance, AmDUF1517 had been isolated from the highly stress-tolerant shrub Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, and can significantly enhance stress tolerance when inserted in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we inserted this gene into cotton to analyze its potential for conferring stress tolerance. Two independent transgenic cotton lines were used. Southern blot analyses indicated that AmDUF1517 was integrated into the cotton genome. Physiological analysis demonstrated that AmDUF1517-transgenic cotton had stronger resistance than the control when treated with salt, drought, and cold stresses. Further analysis showed that trans-AmDUF1517 cotton displayed significantly higher antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) activity and less reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which suggests that overexpression of AmDUF1517 can improve cotton resistance to stress by maintaining ROS homeostasis, as well as by alleviating cell membrane injury. These results imply that AmDUF1517 is a candidate gene in improving cotton resistance to abiotic stress.     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

白菜型冬油菜天油15号选育报告

天油15号为天水市农业科学研究所以天油2号为母本、秦油4号为父本杂交,后代经过轮回选择而育成的白菜型冬油菜新品种。在2014—2016年甘肃省冬油菜区域试验中,2 a 16点(次)折合平均产量1 990.05kg/hm2,较对照品种天油4号增产6.07%。籽粒芥酸含量41.60%,硫苷含量136.71μmol/g(饼),含油量41.52%。抗寒耐旱,高产稳产,适宜于甘肃省中东部干旱、半干旱、二阴山区种植。     

基于Hadoop的区域土壤侵蚀强度计算GIS设计与实验

在开源分布式计算框架Hadoop的基础上,选择大凌河流域为研究区,构建降雨侵蚀力、土壤可侵蚀性、坡长等土壤侵蚀因子栅格数据分布式存储策略,利用MapReduce编程模式设计实现通用水土流失方程RUSLE的算法程序进行土壤侵蚀强度计算,并扩展Geoserver的栅格文件读取功能,增大对HDFS栅格文件的读取支持,实现土壤侵蚀强度计算结果的快速发布。结果表明,该系统可实现大数据量、高分辨率土壤侵蚀因子栅格数据的区域土壤侵蚀强度快速计算,可较好满足区域土壤侵蚀预测预报的时效性要求;程序运行过程中计算任务本地化效果明显,显著降低了计算过程中的网络传输压力,网络使用率约22%,且系统性能可通过增加计算节点进一步提升。本研究可为大数据量、高分辨率栅格数据下区域土壤侵蚀强度计算及发布GIS设计开发提供指导,为大凌河流域土壤侵蚀监测提供科学依据。     

耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及作物产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58和玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了不同耕作方式(小麦季深耕、玉米季免耕;小麦季旋耕、玉米季免耕)及不同氮肥总量(540,420,300 kg·hm~(-2))和不同氮肥运筹方式(不同追肥比例及追肥时期)对豫东潮土和豫南砂姜黑土物理性状及氮含量的周年变化以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深耕能显著降低潮土和砂姜黑土20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高两类土壤20~40 cm土层土壤总孔隙度以及田间持水量,且深耕处理下两类土壤周年作物产量分别比旋耕处理增加4.30%和2.63%;土壤全氮以及碱解氮含量均随着氮肥施用总量的增加而升高,在氮肥施用量相同条件下,追施氮肥前土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随着底施氮量的增加而升高,追施氮肥后随着追氮量的增加而增加。研究认为,本试验条件下,考虑到经济效益,建议采用小麦季隔年深耕而玉米季免耕直播的耕作方式,在潮土区的B1C3(小麦季300 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按照底肥与拔节期追肥之比为1∶1施入,玉米季240 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按底肥与拔节期追肥大喇叭口期追肥之比为2∶1∶1施入)施肥模式,和砂浆黑土地区的B2C1(小麦季240 kg·hm~(-2)全底施,玉米季180 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,底肥与拔节期追肥之比3∶1施入)施肥模式为两地最优的氮肥施用模式。     

猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响

为深入了解不同土地利用方式下土壤养分水平的差异及施肥和管理中存在的问题,选取陕西省周至县农耕区为研究区域,采用地统计分析和GIS相结合的方法,研究了猕猴桃园和小麦—玉米轮作田两种不同土地利用类型下土壤养分含量、养分相关性、空间变异特征及其分布格局。结果表明:猕猴桃园有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.55±3.13)g·kg~(~(-1)),(80.58±14.69)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(23.37±6.09)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(102.79±12.74)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.32±0.49;小麦—玉米农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种养分含量分别为:(19.43±2.63)g·kg~(~(-1)),(78.80±11.39)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(24.83±6.06)mg·kg~(~(-1)),(95.03±11.75)mg·kg~(~(-1)),pH值为7.41±0.58。猕猴桃园土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量均高于小麦—玉米农田,仅有效磷含量比小麦—玉米农田偏低。研究区主要养分要素的变异系数都处于10%~100%,属于中等空间变异性。在猕猴桃园中,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾两两之间均呈极显著或显著正相关;在小麦—玉米农田,pH值与有机质表现出显著负相关。研究区土壤有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏高水平,有机质含量处于中等偏低水平,而速效钾含量总体缺乏。整体上猕猴桃园比小麦—玉米农田养分水平高,这主要与不同的田间管理和施肥状况有关。因此,今后应采取维持氮肥、控制磷肥、增加钾肥的措施,并十分重视有机肥的使用。此外,针对不同土地利用类型和土壤肥力状况进行分区培肥管理,普及科学施肥,提高肥料利用效率也是提升土壤肥力水平的重要措施。     

番茄抗晚疫病基因Ph-3的分子标记开发及应用

正番茄晚疫病由卵菌疫霉属的致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans)侵染引起。病菌对番茄致病性强,侵染寄主后通过气流散发孢子,多次重复侵染植株,引起晚疫病爆发,对番茄生产造成严重危害[1]。利用抗晚疫病资源,培育番茄抗病品种是降低晚疫病危害的有效途径。在野生番茄中发现     

贵州山地芒果复合保鲜剂的筛选及保鲜效应分析

为研究复合保鲜剂对山地芒果的保鲜效应,选用赤霉素、壳聚糖和氯化钙3种保鲜剂对贵州山地芒果贮藏保鲜进行试验分析。以“桂热芒10号”为材料,综合发病指数、转黄率两个表观指标分析得出：单一保鲜剂处理的过程中,赤霉素浓度为300 mg/L,壳聚糖浓度为1.0%,芒果果实贮藏时间长,效果佳;复合保鲜剂处理中配制300 mg/L的赤霉素、0.75%壳聚糖和3%氯化钙组合溶液,芒果在常温贮藏下表现良好。并将这3种处理果实的呼吸强度、可溶性固形物和Vc含量进行比较表明：复合保鲜剂处理后,果实的可溶性固形物含量维持时间长、能有效延缓果实呼吸、维持Vc含量的降低。证实了芒果通过复合保鲜剂(300 mg/L赤霉素+0.75%壳聚糖+3%氯化钙)处理能有效增强果实在常温条件下的耐贮藏能力。     

引进美国玉米自交系在我国的耐旱适应性分析

对210份引进美国解密玉米自交系在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫两种水分处理下进行耐旱适应性分析。通过对美国自交系和国内主要自交系耐旱相关农艺性状调查发现,在两种水分处理下,美国自交系产量略高于国内自交系,其中,行粒数是造成产量差异的主要因素。从育种角度来看,虽然美国自交系株高高于国内自交系,但其穗位高明显低于国内自交系,有利于培育品种的抗倒性。利用耐旱选择系数对自交系耐旱性进行评价,从美国自交系选出LH149、PHBA6、S8326等26份极强耐旱性自交系,耐旱性超过国内自交系豫12和齐319等。