石灰岩山地不同整地组合对侧柏林蓄水保土功能的影响

以新泰市汶南镇洞山小流域石灰岩山地山坡上部采取6种整地组合营造的六年生侧柏林为研究对象,系统研究不同整地组合侧柏林的蓄水保土功能。结果表明:(1)6种整地组合侧柏林的林木保存率、林木生长量和枯落物层蓄积量以整地深度和面积最大的侧柏林的林木保存率和林木生长量最大,枯落物层蓄积量最多;林下灌草植被生物量随着林分郁闭度的减小而增加。枯落物分解后改善了土壤物理性状,增加了土壤孔隙度,减小了土壤容重,提高了土壤渗透速率,增加了土壤蓄水量。(2)6种整地组合侧柏林与对照相比减少的土壤侵蚀量以水平阶整地2最多,为39.161t/hm2,穴状整地1的较小,为34.153t/hm2。(3)对不同整地组合侧柏林的林分郁闭度、枯落物蓄积量、土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、土壤渗透速率、增加的土壤饱和贮水量、减少的土壤侵蚀量、灌草生物量、灌草盖度和有机质含量等进行方差分析,可知均存在显著差异,按各项指标得分相加得出蓄水保土效益,不同整地组合侧柏林的蓄水保土功能排序为水平阶整地2>鱼鳞坑整地2>水平阶整地1>鱼鳞坑整地1>穴状整地2>穴状整地1。     

沙柳和柠条灌丛分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应

利用模拟降雨操纵试验(对照、降雨增加45％和减少50％),研究第2年沙柳和柠条灌丛不同径级分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应.结果表明:1)沙柳10～15 mm径级的分枝基径、枝长和生物量对降雨改变有一定响应,15 ～ 20 mm径级分枝枝长和生物量对降雨改变有响应;干旱显著降低了10 ～ 15 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,而增水增加了15～20 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,其他径级对降雨改变无显著响应.2)柠条＜20 mm径级的基径生长对降雨改变均有显著的响应,但只有＜ 10 mm径级枝长对降雨改变有显著响应,小径级分枝对降雨改变的响应更敏感.增水增加了＜ 10 mm径级生物量,而干旱并未导致该径级生物量显著降低;增水对10～20 mm径级生长季生物量并未产生影响,但干旱导致该径级生物量显著降低.3)增水导致沙柳和柠条每丛生物量增加量分别为11.3％和35.5％,而干旱导致每丛生物量增加量分别下降14.2％和36.8％,降水改变对柠条生长的影响要大于沙柳.该研究可为未来降雨格局改变下,2种灌木的生长动态和生产力预测提供理论依据.     

小麦芽制备过程中品种间极限糊精酶活力的变化

以26个小麦品种(系)为材料,研究了不同品种小麦芽制备过程中极限糊精酶活力的变化.结果表明,小麦芽极限糊精酶活力均随发芽天数的增加而增大至最大值,不同品种同一发芽阶段的小麦芽酶活力差别较大;品种间达到酶活最高值所需的发芽时间略有差异,且其最高值在品种间差异显著.     

刺五加生境与药用成分含量关系的研究进展

通过文献检索刺五加生境、栽培、光合等对药用成分含量影响研究的相关论文并进行分析总结,讨论生境与刺五加药用成分含量的关系及最佳栽培模式.得知刺五加在野生生境下,黄酮含量与光照呈明显相关,含量呈季节性变化,春秋高,夏季低;皂苷类成分含量则随光强的增大而降低,无季节性变化;其它成分含量无明显的季节变化.较适宜的生境为60%～70%光照,黄酮类与皂苷类均可获得较好的含量与产量.利用不同的栽培密度或遮荫调节光照强度,进行仿生栽培或野生抚育,创造适宜刺五加生活生长的环境条件,并根据其各有效成分在不同部位及不同时期的含量差异,来确定刺五加适宜生产模式及采收期,将有助于刺五加人工栽培产量和药效成分含量的提高.     

Growth and body composition of juvenile white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,fed different ratios of dietary protein to energy

A 10‐week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight of 0.09 ± 0.002 g, mean ± SE). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (300, 340, 380 and 420 g kg^?1) and three lipid levels (50, 75 and 100 g kg^?1). Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 L). The water temperature was 28.5 ± 2 °C and the salinity was 28 ± 1 g L^?1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Shrimps fed the diets containing 300 g kg^?1 protein showed the poorest growth. However, shrimp fed the 75 g kg^?1 lipid diets had only slightly higher growth than that fed 50 g kg^?1 lipid diets at the same dietary protein level, and even a little decline in growth with the further increase of dietary lipid to 100 g kg^?1. Shrimp fed the diet with 420 g kg^?1protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid had the highest specific growth rate. However, shrimp fed the diet with 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid showed comparable growth, and had the highest protein efficiency ratio, energy retention and feed efficiency ratio among dietary treatments. Triglycerides and total cholesterol in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at the same dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 340 g kg^?1 protein and 75 g kg^?1 lipid with digestible protein/digestible energy of 21.1 mg kJ^?1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and the increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein‐sparing effect.     

Optimal dietary lipid level for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae

A 30‐day feeding experiment was conducted in blue tanks (70 × 50 × 60 cm, water volume 180 L) to determine the effects of dietary lipid levels on the survival, growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) larvae (12 days after hatchery, with initial average weight 1.93 ± 0.11 mg). Five practical microdiets, containing 83 g kg^?1 (Diet 1), 126 g kg^?1 (Diet 2), 164 g kg^?1 (Diet 3), 204 g kg^?1 (Diet 4) and 248 g kg^?1 lipid (Diet 5), were formulated. Live feeds (Artemia sinicia nauplii and live copepods) were used as the control diet (Diet 6). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of tanks, and each tank was stocked with 3500 larvae. During the experiment, water temperature was maintained at 23(±1) °C, pH 8.0 (±0.2) and salinity 25 (±2) g L^?1. The results showed that dietary lipid significantly influenced the survival and growth of large yellow croaker larvae. Survival increased with the increase of dietary lipid from 83 to 164 g kg^?1, and then decreased. The survival of larvae fed the diet with 83 g kg^?1 lipid (16.1%) was significantly lower than that of larvae fed other diets. However, the survival in larvae fed the diet with 16.4 g kg^?1 lipid was the highest compared with other artificial microdiets. Specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary lipid level from 83 to 164 g kg^?1 (P < 0.05), and then decreased. The SGR in larvae fed the diet with 164 g kg^?1 lipid (10.0% per day) was comparable with 204 g kg^?1 lipid (9.6% per day), but were significantly higher than other microdiets (P < 0.05). On the basis of survival and SGR, the optimum dietary lipid level was estimated to be 172 and 177 g kg^?1 of diet using second‐order polynomial regression analysis respectively.     

Dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp,Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted in a water flow‐through system (26–28 °C) to determine the dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Labeo rohita (3.90±0.03 cm; 0.58±0.02 g). Growth, feed utilization and body composition of fish fed test diets (40% crude protein; 17.9 kJ g^?1 gross energy) with graded levels of l ‐threonine (0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75% and 2.0% dry diet) to apparent satiation were response variables used to assess threonine adequacy. Diets were made isonitrogenous and isoenergetic by adjusting the levels of glycine and dextrin. The amino acid profiles of the test diets were formulated to that of 40% whole chicken egg protein except for threonine. The performance of fish fed experimental diets was evaluated using calculated values for weight gain (g fish^?1), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV) data. Maximum weight gain (g fish^?1) (1.79), lowest FCR (1.39), highest PER (1.76) and PPV (0.33) were recorded at 1.50 g per 100 g dietary threonine. Statistical analysis of weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data reflected significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments. Except for reduced growth performance in fish fed threonine‐deficient diets, no deficiency signs were noted. Weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data were also analysed using second‐degree polynomial regression analysis to obtain a more accurate threonine requirement estimate, which was found, using each response variable, to be at 1.70, 1.63, 1.65 and 1.51 g per 100 g of dry diet, corresponding to 4.2, 4.07, 4.12 and 3.77 g per 100 g of dietary protein respectively. Based on the second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of the live weight gain, FCR, PER and PPV data, the optimum dietary level of threonine for fingerling L. rohita was found to be in the range of 1.51–1.70 g per 100 g of the dry diet, corresponding to 3.77–4.2 g per 100 g of dietary protein.     

Preparation and characterizations of polypyrrole on liquid ammonia pre-treated wool fabric

Wool fabric was treated with liquid ammonia at -40 °C for 30 and 60 s prior to the application of polypyrrole (PPy). The polymer was deposited on wool fiber using the chemical oxidation method with 0.02 and 0.05 mol/l (Py) monomer concentration and FeCl₃ as a catalyst. Functional groups of wool samples were analyzed using FT-IR, and surface morphology was investigated using SEM micrographs. Properties such as water absorbency, surface resistivity, abrasion resistance, weight add-on, and air permeability of coated specimens were explored. The FT-IR outcomes revealed the liquid ammonia pre-treatment changed the amount of amide I (NH), cystic acid, cystic monoxide, and dioxide content of the fiber. SEM micrographs revealed the descaling of wool surface after pre-treatment and smooth coating of polymer. Pre-treatment of wool in liquid ammonia improved absorbency of wool fabric with respect to the treatment duration. The surface resistivity of wool fabric decreased with the increase of monomer concentration and pre-treatment duration. The results of abrasion resistance confirmed that the pre-treated fabric exhibited lower loss of polymer after 200 cycles of abrasion. The weight of the fabric was increased and air permeability decreased when the monomer concentration and liquid ammonia pre-treatment duration was increased.     

Thermal,swelling and stability kinetics of chitosan based semi-interpenetrating network hydrogels

The present study is focused on studying the swelling kinetics, thermal and aqueous stabilities, and determination of various forms of water in the chitosan (CS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blend and semi-interpenetrating polymer network (sIPN). CS/PAN blend hydrogel films were prepared by solution casting technique. The blend film with optimum swelling properties was selected for the synthesis of sIPN. CS in the blend was crosslinked with the vapors of Glutaraldehyde (GTA) to prepare sIPN. The fabricated CS/PAN blend and sIPN hydrogels films were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The kinetics of swelling, bound and unbound waters and aqueous stability were determined experimentally. FESEM showed good miscibility between CS and PAN, FTIR showed no chemical interaction between CS and PAN; however, it did show a doublet for the sIPN, TGA showed improved thermal stability and swelling kinetic followed second order kinetics. The degree of swelling of the sIPN hydrogels samples at room temperature varied from ~2200 % (with a fair degree of stability (~30 %)) to ~1000 % (with high degree of aqueous stability (43 %)) with increase in the crosslinking time. The calculated unbound water (W_UB) max., for the blend was 52.3 % whereas for the bound (W_B) the max., was 41.9 %. However, for sIPN hydrogel films, the W_UB water decreased (max. 21.0 %) where as the W_B increased (max. 52.0 %). The decrease in W_UB and increase in the W_B is attributed to the formation of a compact structure and increase in the contact area between the water and polymers in sIPN hydrogels due to the induction of new water contacting point in these hydrogel films, respectively.     

基于元胞自动机模型的土地利用情景模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用格局的形成过程比其最终形成的结果更为重要。本文以哈尔滨市双城区为例,利用不同时期的土地利用数据,在土地利用变化关键驱动因素分析的基础上,选取了对土地利用变化影响较大的距离变量、邻近土地利用类型数量、单元自然属性、社会经济因素等4方面14个驱动力因子,建立了基于元胞自动机(CA)与人工神经网络(ANN)相结合的土地利用空间格局模拟模型。在此基础上,对研究区自然禀赋、社会经济快速发展、基本农田保护及土地利用规划等不同情景驱动机制下的土地利用空间格局进行了时空模拟,以此解析土地利用变化过程与驱动力因素的响应关系。模拟结果显示：自然禀赋情景下,各地类变化趋势与现在保持一致;在社会经济快速发展情景下,建设用地面积增加明显,主要由旱地和其他用地转入;在基本农田保护情景下,耕地面积比较稳定,各地类变化趋势较为缓和;在土地利用规划情景下,各地类变化较为合理,兼顾耕地保护和经济发展。研究结果显示,该方法对哈尔滨市双城区土地利用格局变化的驱动机制具有较好的解释作用。