4种猛蚁的巢穴结构及巢内生物

敏捷厚结猛蚁Pachycondyla astuta Smith、聚纹双刺猛蚁Diacamma rugosum(Le Guillou)、横纹齿猛蚁Odonto-ponera transversa(Smith)和猎镰猛蚁Harpegnathos venator(Smith)是我国东部和南部地区比较常见的猛蚁,可捕食林木白蚁,是一类潜在的天敌昆虫.通过挖巢的方法对这4种猛蚁的筑巢环境、巢穴结构和巢内生物进行了研究.结果表明,4种猛蚁的巢穴均为地下巢,多建在橡胶林、荔枝林等林间空地;结构比较简单,深度一般不超过0.6 m,巢室仅有几个至数十个,在土壤中分布无规则至分层排列.巢穴内部或周围常可见到膜翅目、等翅目昆虫以及土壤小型多足类和等足类动物.     

混菌固态发酵产纤维素滤纸酶条件的研究

以稻草粉和麸皮为主要原料,利用拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)(1∶ 1)混茵固态发酵产纤维素滤纸酶.以初始pH、发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量、装样量、含水量为研究因子,通过对拟康氏木霉和黑曲霉(1∶1)混茵固态发酵产纤维素滤纸酶的最佳发酵条件进行优化,优化后的最佳产酶条件为:固体培养基含水量为50％,初始pH 5.0,装样量15 g/500 mL,接种量为8％,30℃恒温培养5d.     

An overview of dropped hock syndrome cases in New Zealand cattle

ABSTRACT

Case history: Data were collected from 47 outbreaks of dropped hock syndrome (DHS) that were reported by veterinarians in New Zealand to the Ministry for Primary Industries between October 2012 and August 2017. There were 181 affected dairy cows from 44 farms. Of those with records, all 86 were aged between 2–3 years-old, and 4/94 (4%) were Friesian, 56/94 (60%) were Jersey and 33/94 (35%) were Jersey/Friesian cross. Of the 47 outbreaks, 45 (96%) occurred during winter and 37 (79%) in the South Island.

Clinical findings: Of 151 cases with records, hindlimb weakness (117 cows), shortened gait (112 cows) and dropped hocks (106 cows) were most commonly reported, with 110 cases being bilaterally affected. The level of diagnostic work-up and the data recorded by veterinarians for each outbreak were highly variable. Creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were reported for 22 cases and were within normal ranges for cows with mild disease but increased in cows with severe disease. Concentrations of Cu in serum and liver were below normal for 13/22 and 9/10 cows, respectively, from six outbreaks. Of 41 cows with records for clinical outcomes, 12 had complete resolution, 18 had partial resolution, and 11 had no resolution.

Pathological findings: Post-mortem data were available from 26 cases. Muscle necrosis and haemorrhage of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle were the key gross findings. In 14 cows with records for muscle histopathology, myodegeneration and recent haemorrhage were observed, and connective tissue pathology was reported to predate muscular pathology in seven cases.

Diagnosis: DHS appeared to be a degenerative rather than inflammatory condition primarily affecting the connective tissue of the hind limb, especially at the dense collagen interfaces of the gastrocnemius. Although no evidence of neuropathy was found, this cannot definitively be ruled out as a potential cause.

Clinical relevance: A more standardised and systematic approach to investigating cases and recording case data is required to make robust inferences about the aetiology, risk factors, and treatment interventions for DHS.     

棉花细菌人工染色体文库构建的方法优化

以我国抗病、优质、丰产的棉花优良品种中棉所12号为材料,对棉花细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库构建过程中的一些关键技术,如plug的制备、DNA的部分消化、酶切片段的选择、插入片段与载体的摩尔比值、连接产物的浓缩等进行了研究,建立了构建棉花BAC文库的适宜方法体系。依照该方法初步构建了含有38000个克隆的棉花BAC文库。经检测,插入片段平均大小约为120kb,蓝斑率小于0.5%,空载率小于1%。插入片段与载体的最适摩尔比为1∶15,一次转化可以获得约2000个克隆,cfu·μl 1高达4。该方法为进一步构建中棉所12号多倍基因组的BAC文库、从而进行棉花基因组有关研究奠定了基础。     

中国西部地区生态环境演变及可持续发展(英文)

我国西部地区自然条件较为恶劣、区域经济水平较低,人口增长和自然资源的过度开发使生态环境遭到严重的破坏。探讨我国西部生态环境演变趋势及对策对于协调发展与保护的关系、保障我国生态安全具有重要意义。在分析已有研究成果的基础上,该研究探讨了西部地区森林和草地生态系统退化、湿地萎缩、沙漠化、水土流失等主要生态环境问题的演变规律,并根据其发展的趋势,提出了西部地区生态环境整治以及可持续发展的对策:①充分了解西部地区的生态环境以及人类活动等特征,在此基础上,对西部生态环境进行合理的区域划分,针对不同的区域采取不同的措施进行生态环境恢复和保护;②研发和集成各种生态综合整治的治理技术与模式,并充分考虑生态治理技术与模式的特点和要求,结合区域划分的结果,揭示其区域适宜范围,并探讨治理技术和模式的推广途径,以点带面,在区域上进行推广;③对西部生态环境开展动态监测,对生态环境恢复重建的各项工程和措施进行评估;④从流域尺度、区域尺度开展生态补偿机制研究,从机制、政策方面强化西部生态环境的保护,进一步协调西部地区生态环境保护与经济社会可持续发展的关系。     

DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂在动物体细胞核移植研究中的应用

甲基化对胚胎发育和机体形成具有重要的调控作用,体细胞核移植胚胎常常表现出异常的DNA甲基化,DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂能抑制细胞的DNA甲基化水平,从而达到提高体细胞核移植效率的作用。作者主要综述了DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂在动物体细胞核移植研究中的应用。     

蓄水坑灌条件下灌水量对棵间蒸发强度的影响研究

采用蓄水坑灌技术,研究了不同灌水量处理下(W90,W150,W210)的果园棵间蒸发。在田间采用微型蒸渗仪,观测了距树干不同距离处棵间地表蒸发强度、距坑口不同深度处坑壁蒸发强度的逐日变化过程,并利用微型气象站和nk3500手持气象仪,同步观测了地表棵间以及蓄水坑内的气象因素。结果表明:不同灌水量处理下的棵间地表蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现随时间先逐渐递减,然后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量处理下的棵间坑壁蒸发、棵间总蒸发逐日变化特征基本一致,呈现单峰性,随时间先逐渐增大、后逐渐减小、最后稳定的变化规律;不同灌水量下的棵间坑壁、棵间地表蒸发强度存在显著差异;W90、W150,W210处理下的棵间总蒸发量分别为41 920、45 045、45 447mm3,W210比W90处理下的棵间总蒸发量大1.08倍,棵间总蒸发量随着灌水量的增加而呈现逐渐增加趋势。蓄水坑灌条件下,灌水量大小对果园棵间蒸发影响显著,研究成果将更进一步揭示蓄水坑灌节水机理,并为蓄水坑灌理论的完善提供重要的科学依据。     

高原草地绿绒蒿资源及应用现状

绿绒蒿属是青藏高原一类具有重要观赏价值和药用价值的野生经济植物。本文论述了青藏高原绿绒蒿植物资源分布,应用价值及开发利用绿绒蒿资源的重要意义。     

人工草地利用及综合复壮措施的影响

用对比试验方法,通过除杂、施肥、灌溉等综合措施,对因杂草侵入,缺水、缺肥,而导致建植草种过早丧失生产性能的"紫花苜蓿———垂穗披碱草"人工草地进行复壮试验。结果表明施肥、灌溉、除杂、补播是较有效的复壮措施,牧草产量分别比对照提高3.1倍,2.1倍,2.9倍。     

19份玉米EMS诱变系的抗旱性评价

采用20%PEG-6000室内模拟干旱环境对EMS化学诱变获得的19份M4代诱变系进行干旱胁迫,选用相对发芽率、可溶性糖胁迫指数、离体叶片失水率、相对株高和丙二醛胁迫指数5个抗旱性指标,运用模糊隶属函数法进行综合评价,筛选出R08Y1427、K305Y1413、R08Y1421和K305Y1403等4个抗旱性较好的诱变系,为玉米的抗旱育种提供了物质基础。同时也证明EMS化学诱变可改良玉米自交系的抗旱性。