Application of acoustic Doppler current profiler combined with a scientific echo sounder for krill Euphausia pacifica density estimation

ABSTRACT:   An application of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP, 153.6 kHz) in combination with a scientific echo sounder (EK60, 38 and 200 kHz) was investigated to estimate the density of krill Euphausia pacifica . The acoustic backscattering strength from sound scattering layers was compared with biomass estimates from midwater trawls. Euphausia pacifica was targeted among mixed species populations in the sound scattering layer in the offshore Funka Bay area of Hokkaido, Japan. The frequency characteristics of acoustic backscattering by krill were calculated using a distorted wave Born approximation scattering model at three frequencies. Krill aggregations identified from the EK60 data were extracted as the mean volume backscattering strength difference between two frequencies. They were then used to identify similar aggregations in the ADCP data by matching observation times and depths for the two methods, which were applied simultaneously. Results from the comparison of the mean volume backscattering strength and the density calculated from the ADCP and EK60 showed that ADCP can be used to measure density and spatial–temporal distribution of krill aggregations. Current speed and direction at the study site were found to be 16.1 cm/s and 187.0°, respectively, and krill speed and direction (including the current component) were found to be 19.8 cm/s and 172.2°, respectively. Based on the ADCP data, the net speed and direction of the krill aggregations were found to be 5.9 cm/s and 128.0°, respectively.     

不同杀虫剂对油菜花露尾甲成虫的室内毒力测定及田间防效

为筛选出防治陕西省冬油菜区油菜花露尾甲高效安全的杀虫剂,选用5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂、25%溴氰菊酯乳油、20%呋虫胺水分散粒剂、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂、20%氯虫苯甲酰胺等6种杀虫剂,采用浸虫法和田间小区试验分别对油菜花露尾甲进行了室内毒力测定和田间防效评价。结果表明：6种药剂对油菜花露尾甲均有较高的毒力,24 h的LC₅₀值均低于40 mg/L,其中20%呋虫胺WG毒力最强,10%溴氰虫酰胺OD次之,30%噻虫嗪SC毒力最弱,LC₅₀分别为5.236 mg/L、9.650 mg/L和35.078 mg/L,6种杀虫剂毒力大小排序：20%呋虫胺WG>10%溴氰虫酰胺OD>25%溴氰菊酯EC>20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC>5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW>30%噻虫嗪SC。田间防效试验结果表明,6种药剂在试验剂量下使用安全无药害,对油菜花露尾甲均有一定的防效,药后1 d、3 d、7 d各处理防效分别达79.3%~91.25%、88.24%~97.95%、72.47%~98.86%,其中20%呋虫胺WG3 000倍液和10%溴氰虫酰胺OD4 000倍液效果最好,20%呋虫胺WG3 000倍液3 d时防效是所有处理中最高的（97.95%）,10%溴氰虫酰胺OD4 000倍液7 d时防效是所有处理中最高的（98.86%）,且两种杀虫剂药后1 d、3 d、7 d的防效均在85%以上。生产中选择防治油菜花露尾甲药剂应兼具速效性、持效性和对传粉益虫蜜蜂安全,可选20%呋虫胺WG或10%溴氰虫酰胺OD在现蕾未开花时使用,20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC在油菜进入花期后使用。     

小麦蓝矮病植原体16S rDNA序列分析研究

 小麦蓝矮病是我国西北地区冬小麦上一种重要病害。本研究利用植原体16S rDNA通用引物对小麦蓝矮病患病植株全DNA进行nest-PCR扩增,获得1.2 kb的特异片段,并对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定,从分子水平证明了小麦蓝矮病的病原是植原体。利用最大简约法构建了16S rDNA系统演化树,系统演化关系分析表明:小麦蓝矮病植原体应该归属于翠菊植原体(Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris);小麦蓝矮病植原体与三叶草变叶病植原体(CPh)关系密切,被聚类为同一亚组(16Sr I-C),但是它们在寄主范围和传播介体等生物学性状方面差异很大。     

纳米TiO2悬浮液对烟草青枯菌杀菌活性的研究

纳米T iO2是一种半导体光催化剂,在近紫外光的激发下,可以产生强的杀菌活性。以烟草青枯菌P seudomonas solanacearum为试验对象,采用平板稀释法对自制的纳米T iO2悬浮液进行杀菌活性测定。结果表明:在阳光或汞灯下照射4h后,T iO2对烟草青枯菌的杀菌率可达90%以上。说明用纳米T iO2防治烟草青枯病具有一定的可行性。     

小麦丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因TaAlaAT1的克隆及表达特征分析

 在已构建的受条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)诱导的小麦非亲和抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库中,筛选到1个与水稻丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因高度相似的表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag,EST),利用电子克隆与RT-PCR相结合的方法,从小麦中获得1个1563bp的cDNA序列,命名为TaAlaAT1。序列分析表明,TaAlaAT1包含1个完整的开放阅读框,长1440bp,推测编码479个氨基酸。该氨基酸序列具有氨基转移酶的保守特征,与水稻、葡萄、大豆、拟南芥、苜蓿等多种植物的丙氨酸氨基转移酶高度相似,其中与水稻的亲缘关系最近。半定量RT-PCR与实时定量PCR结果显示,TaAlaAT1在小麦与条锈菌互作的非亲和组合中总体呈上调表达,在亲和组合中呈下调表达,且在2个组合中的表达差异显著。推测TaAlaAT1参与了小麦对条锈菌的防御反应。     

利用叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数评价青贮玉米耐旱关键指标研究

利用叶绿素荧光仪测定了26份青贮玉米自交系和105个组合的叶绿素含量及荧光动力学参数,对其生理性状关键耐旱指标进行主成分及相关分析,并进行配合力及遗传参数分析。青贮玉米Fv/Fm的影响因素大 小依次为：叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fo>叶片Area>叶片SPAD>苞叶Fv/Fm>苞叶SPAD。筛选出了5个关键指 标(叶片Fm、叶片Fv、叶片Area、叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD)及一般配合力(GCA)较高的9份自交系和特殊配合力(SCA)较高的19个组合。在F₁吐丝期,叶片Fo、叶片Area主要受基因加性效应支配;叶片Fm、叶片Fv的加性与 非加性效应相当;叶片Fv/Fm、叶片SPAD主要受基因非加性效应支配。狭义遗传力(h²N,)大小依次为：叶片SPAD>叶片Area>叶片Fo>叶片Fv>叶片Fm>叶片Fv/Fm。通过对叶片Fv的早代正向直接选择、叶片Fo的早代 负向直接选择,以及对叶片Fv/Fm的杂种优势利用,可提高旱区青贮玉米单位面积生物产量。叶绿素含量及荧光 动力学参数可用于青贮玉米的耐旱性筛选。     

Irrigation scheduling based on yield and quality in Bromus inermis北大核心CSCD

A suitably calculated irrigation regime can improve the productivity of artificial grassland,improve the quality of pasture and enhance water use efficiency in drier areas. In this research we compared the effects of two irrigation regimes（regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages,I1;regulated deficit irrigation over the whole growth period ,I2）on yield and quality of Bromus inermis in the Hexi Corridor. Irrigation scheduling was optimized by considering the results of field trials and simulations of irrigation scheduling in typical dry years to provide a theoretical basis for local production practices. The results showed that：The yield of B. inermis in I1 initially increased and then decreased with successive increases in the amount of water applied,while in I2 B. inermis yield showed an increasing trend across the range of irrigation rates tested. In both irrigation regimes,the crude protein content of B. inermis gradually decreased with increasing water supply,while the acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents increased somewhat. Compared with I2,B. inermis yield was increased by 23.11% on average and crude protein content by 6. 09% on average in I1;therefore,the I1 irrigation regime was superior. Based on the field trial combined with the simulation of irrigation scheduling in a typical dry year,it was found that a treatment designated ［greening stage （75%-85% θFC）,jointing stage （65%-85% θFC）,and tasseling stage （65%-85% θFC）,I1DF1］,irrigation frequency of 12 times,and a total irrigation amount of 521. 76 mm provided water-saving benefits and stable yield in B. inermis in the Hexi Corridor. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

小西葫芦绿斑驳花叶病毒生物学特性及传播方式

小西葫芦绿斑驳花叶病毒(Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus,ZGMMV)是我国新报道的侵染葫芦科作物的烟草花叶病毒属病毒.从感染病毒的葫芦叶片中分离出ZGMMV,摩擦接种西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)、葫芦(Lagenaria siceraria)、西葫芦(Cucurbit...     

内生真菌对青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响

为了研究干旱胁迫下内生真菌对青贮玉米幼苗生长的影响并筛选可以提高青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性的菌株,开展盆栽试验,将分离自西鄂尔多斯荒漠强旱生孑遗植物四合木、沙冬青、绵刺等植物根系的8株内生真菌和1株内生真菌模式种印度梨形孢,以灌根的方式分别接种到青贮玉米幼苗根系,镜检侵染率后,采用PEG6000模拟重度干旱胁迫培养2周,测定青贮玉米幼苗生理生化指标并计算抗旱系数,利用主成分分析法综合评价内生真菌对青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响。结果表明：所有菌株均能侵入青贮玉米根系形成共生,但侵染率存在差异;在未接菌（E-）组的非胁迫和胁迫植株之间,地上部分鲜重、叶相对含水量、叶绿素含量、根体积、根表面积、根鲜重、根干重、根干物质含量、Pro含量、MDA含量、CAT活性、SOD活性、POD活性等13个指标存在显著差异,基于13个生理指标的主成分分析表明,只有Am04、Tm36、Tm02、印度梨形孢等4株内生真菌可提高青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性,并以菌株Am04最优;而Pm53、Tm30、Pm38、Pm06、Pm57等5株内生真菌并未提高青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性;且侵染率和大多数抗旱性生理指标之间无相关性。因此,不同内生真菌对青贮玉米幼苗抗旱性具有不同程度影响,其中菌株Am04较其他菌株更有利于提高青贮玉米幼苗抗旱能力。     

2002—2014年陕西省小麦条锈菌生理小种变化动态和小麦品种(系)的抗病性

为明确陕西省小麦条锈菌的群体结构、变异动态和新育成小麦品种(系)的抗病性,为病害流行预测、防治以及抗病育种提供依据,本研究于2002—2014年从陕西省8个市(区)的28个县(区)和毗邻的甘肃省、四川省和湖北省部分地区共采集鉴定小麦条锈菌标样2 779份,监测到条锈菌生理小种和致病类型45个,其中,CYR33和CYR32为目前陕西省小麦条锈菌主要流行小种,新致病类型G22-9和G22-14虽然目前出现频率不高,但对贵农系列、92R系列以及Moro均有毒性,且出现频率呈上升趋势。目前小麦条锈菌群体中Hybrid46致病类群和水源11致病类群占绝对优势,这与我国小麦品种抗病基因单一化有较大关系,应加强开发和利用新的、多元化的抗源材料。对2 952份陕西省新育成小麦品种(系)抗病性测试结果表明,其整体抗性水平呈上升趋势。综合条锈菌生理小种监测和抗病性分析结果,目前小麦抗条锈病育种应以抗CYR33和CYR32为主,同时注意对G22-9和G22-14的抗病性研究。