Book reviews

Recent Advances in Turkey Science. Edited by C. Nixey and T. C. Grey, Poultry Science Symposium Number 21. London, Butterworths, ISBN 0 408 00971 3

Egg and Eggshell Quality. Sally E. Solomon, 1991, 149 pp., illustrated. London, Wolfe Publishing Ltd., £35.00, ISBN 0 7234 1647 8.

Aleen Cust, Veterinary Surgeon, Britain's First Woman Vet. Connie M. Ford, 1990, 109 pp., £5.99, Bristol, Biopress Ltd., The Orchard, Clanage Road, ISBN 0 948737 11 5.

Avian Incubation. Edited by S. G. Tullett, 1991, xiv + 335 pp., illustrated. London, Butterworth‐Heinemann. £00.00, $00.00. ISBN 0–7506–1002–6.

A Colour Atlas of Diseases & Disorders of the Domestic Fowl & Turkey. Edited by C. J. Randall, second edition, 1991, 175 pages, 432 illustrations in colour. London, Wolfe Publishing Ltd, £35, ISBN 0723416281.     

Hematologic and clinico-chemical research findings in calves and young cattle with ileus

The impairment of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base status which is observed in calves and juvenile cattle as a result of ileus and subileus is not only dependent on form and site of the obstruction, but is also influenced considerably by the duration of the condition and any coexisting disease. This publication reviews the most important blood, urine and ruminal fluid parameters in such patients. The diagnostic significance of the laboratory values under discussion is not so great with obstructions to the caudal part of the digestive tract. However, markedly raised ruminal fluid chloride levels, combined with hypochloraemia and a metabolic acidosis, are indicative of an "abomasoruminal reflux syndrome" resulting from an obstruction in the region of the abomasum or cranial small intestine.     

Rabies diagnosis in western Canada, 1985-1989

The results of laboratory examination of 20460 specimens for the diagnosis of rabies by the standard fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests over a five year period are presented. Specimens were received from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Yukon and Northwest Territories. Of those examined, 9.96% were positive. The main reservoirs of rabies were skunks, bats, and foxes. During this observation period a rabies epizootic occurred in skunks in Saskatchewan. When both tests were performed, the fluorescent antibody test was found to agree with the mouse inoculation test in over 99% of cases.     

Efficacy of parenteral antibiotics for disease prophylaxis in feedlot calves

Trimethoprim-sulfadoxine (TMPSDX) and two formulations of oxytetracycline (OTC) were examined for their prophylactic efficacy in feedlot calves when given by intramuscular injection on arrival at a large commercial feedlot. The study included 2,112 high-risk feeder calves that developed disease early in the feeding period. Both formulations of OTC reduced bovine respiratory disease morbidity during the first two weeks on feed and for the entire feeding period by 15-19% (p<0.05), and they also reduced all fatal fibrinous pneumonia by 67% and 84% (p<0.05). All three drugs significantly reduced all fatal disease in animals first treated during the second week on feed, but not for the overall feeding period. Oxytetracycline with 2-pyrrolidone reduced the incidence of all fatal disease by 44% (p<0.05) during the entire feeding period. The case fatality risk for calves first treated during the second week on feed was lower (p<0.05) in the TMPSDX group and in the OTC with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone group.     

Relationship between equivalent salt solution series of different soils

Equivalent salt solution series have been previously defined as solutions with combinations of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrolyte concentration (E_c) producing the same extent of clay swelling in a given soil. The present study shows that there is a high (r²>0.96) positive correlation between log E_c and log SAR of equivalent salt solutions series, in the equation: where a₁ and b₁ are constants for each equivalent salt solution series for a given soil. Log a₁ could also be represented as a linear function of b₁ resulting in the equation: where a₂ and b₂ are constants for a given soil. Solving this equation using any given value of b₁ yields the combinations of SAR and E_c which make up each equivalent salt solution series for a given soil. The relationship between log a₁ and b₂ for three soils from western United States, namely Waukena, Pachappa and Grangeville, was similar, with their combined data having a r² value of 0.96. This indicated that a single set of equivalent salt solution series values could be used for these three soils which have different clay contents and clay mineralogy. Prediction of hydraulic conductivity decreases with E_c reduction at given values of SAR in red-brown and alluvial soils from southern Tasmania, using the equivalent salt solution series values for Waukena soil, showed similar patterns to measured values and also to those predicted using the equivalent salt solution values applicable to the respective Tasmanian soils. Thus, available data indicate that the same set of equivalent salt series could be applied to the five soils studied. If further testing shows that a single set of equivalent salt solutions values could be applied to all or large groups of soils, this would facilitate the application of the equivalent salt solution concept to predict salt solution flow in the field.     

Atomic force microscopy of atomic-scale ledges and etch pits formed during dissolution of quartz

The processes involved in the dissolution and growth of crystals are closely related. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of faceted pits (called negative crystals) formed during quartz dissolution reveals subtle details of these underlying physical mechanisms for silicates. In imaging these surfaces, the AFM detected ledges <1 nanometer (nm) high that were spaced 10 to 90 nm apart. A dislocation pit, invisible to optical and scanning electron microscopy measurements and serving as a ledge source, was also imaged. These observations confirm the applicability of ledge-motion models to dissolution and growth of silicates; coupled with measurements of dissolution rate on facets, these methods provide a powerful tool for probing mineral surface kinetics.     

Atomic-resolution electrochemistry with the atomic force microscope: copper deposition on gold

The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to image an electrode surface at atomic resolution while the electrode was under potential control in a fluid electrolyte. A new level of subtlety was observed for each step of a complete electrochemical cycle that started with an Au(111) surface onto which bulk Cu was electrodeposited. The Cu was stripped down to an underpotential-deposited monolayer and finally returned to a bare Au(111) surface. The images revealed that the underpotential-deposited monolayer has different structures in different electrolytes. Specifically, for a perchloric acid electrolyte the Cu atoms are in a close-packed lattice with a spacing of 0.29 +/- 0.02 nanometer (nm). For a sulfate electrolyte they are in a more open lattice with a spacing of 0.49 +/- 0.02 nm. As the deposited Cu layer grew thicker, the Cu atoms converged to a (111)-oriented layer with a lattice spacing of 0.26 +/- 0.02 nm for both electrolytes. A terrace pattern was observed during dissolution of bulk Cu. Images were obtained of an atomically resolved Cu monolayer in one region and an atomically resolved Au substrate in another in which a 30 degrees rotation of the Cu monolayer lattice from the Au lattice is clearly visible.     

贮藏中福桔果皮细胞结构的显微观察及果实理化成分测定

贮藏期间福桔果皮细胞始终具有分裂增殖能力,细胞生长的养分主要通过维管束向果肉吸取,因而促进果肉衰老,形成枯水.枯水果实在贮藏早期就发现果皮细胞层和油腔分泌细胞无丝分裂旺盛,双核细胞多,果皮增厚多.严重枯水时,果皮细胞还具细胞核、线粒体、有色体等超微结构,未枯水果实细胞分裂少见.经预贮后贮藏的果实,由于中断了果皮组织与维管束的联系,果皮细胞生长受抑制,果肉水分、养分消耗少,枯水率最低,