Genetic characterization of a collection of chayote, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sechium edule</Emphasis> (Jacq.) Swartz,in Costa Rica by using isozyme markers

We established protocols for the analysis of genetic diversity in chayote (Sechium edule) by using isozyme markers, thereby determining the level of genetic diversity present in 42 accessions of chayote from Costa Rica. We obtained clear and reproducible zymograms for eight enzyme staining systems: PGM, 6-PGD, PGI, IDH, MDH, SOD, SKD, and EST, and were able to score 14 putative loci. Eight of the 14 loci examined were polymorphic. We found 35 distinct multilocus genotypes among these accessions. Five of these multilocus genotypes were homozygous for all loci. In addition, our data also revealed that most of the multilocus genotypes (24) were heterozygous for only one of the eight loci, and the rest were heterozygous for two or three loci (9 and 4 accessions, respectively). Seven multilocus genotypes were found in two different accessions. Dice similarity coefficient was used to study the relationship between accessions. This analysis, based on the presence and absence of alleles, revealed that accessions collected in the same location seldom shared the same multilocus genotype. The value of isozyme polymorphisms as tools to continue studies on the characterization of chayote is discussed.     

外源铅在土壤中的形态、分布及其对土壤养分的影响

通过对加入外源铅的砂姜黑土、黄褐土、红壤进行培养处理,测定土壤中各形态铅及水溶态NH^＋,K^＋和速效态磷的含量,研究外源铅在各类土壤中的形态分布特点及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：交换态和残渣态的铅为红壤〉黄褐土〉砂姜黑土,碳酸盐态铅为砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉红壤,铁锰氧化态铅为红壤〉砂姜黑土〉黄褐土,有机结合态铅为黄褐土〉砂姜黑土〉红壤;交换态和残渣态所占比例随着外源铅的浓度增大而提高,有机结合态的比例随着外源铅浓度增大降低,碳酸盐结合态铅在砂姜黑土、铁锰氧化态铅在红壤上则呈现外源铅小于500mg／kg时比例增高,大于500mg／kg时比例开始下降的状况;加入外源铅的土壤中,水溶态的NH4^＋和K^＋的浓度增大,使其流失的风险性增加;水溶态磷和铅离子生成难溶性磷酸铅盐被固结,使速效磷的浓度减少,降低了水溶性磷肥的功效。     

基于Web的蔬菜农药残留检测网络监控系统构建

为保证蔬菜质量安全和消费者健康,该文提出利用NET技术平台和SQL技术开发成功基于Web的蔬菜农残检测网络监控系统,利用数据库管理系统,通过数据统计和Web报表实现信息的采集和整理;该文给出了系统的结构设计方案、采用的关键技术和主要功能实现方法.该系统在江苏江阴地区实际测试效果良好,可应用于农产品品质检测和安全管理.     

中慢生型天山根瘤菌胞外多糖相关基因exo5及其在根毛吸附和生物膜形成中作用的研究

用质粒pKGL 3上的转座子随机插入失活的方法得到两个中慢生型天山根瘤菌胞外多糖缺失菌株,并通过随机引物PCR的方法确定了转座子插入的基因位点,该基因与豌豆根瘤菌的UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶基因有高度的同源性.根毛吸附实验发现该基因缺失,导致胞外多糖缺失突变菌株在其宿主植物甘草上的根毛吸附量大大降低,同时生物膜的形成实验发现中慢生型天山根瘤菌的exo5-菌株不能像野生型菌株一样形成丰富的生物膜,也从侧面证明了根毛吸附实验的结果,初步推测胞外多糖可能通过影响中慢生型天山根瘤菌的根毛吸附过程来影响其与豆科植物的共生固氮.     

柳杉人工林采伐后不同土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳变化

运用空间代替时间的方法研究了25年生柳杉人工林(对照)采伐后形成的柳杉人工幼龄林、经济林、苗圃地、皆伐迹地、农耕地5种土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳含量和碳储量变化。结果表明,5种土地利用类型和对照的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量均随土层的加深而降低;除经济林外,苗圃地、柳杉人工幼龄林、农耕地和皆伐迹地的土壤平均有机碳含量分别比对照降低了10.8%,28.1%,37.8%,40.1%;5种不同土地利用类型土壤碳储量排序为:皆伐迹地(214.2±17.0 t C/hm2)>经济林(191.3±13.4 t C/hm2)>柳杉人工幼龄林(173.5±15.1t C/hm2)>苗圃地(171.9±9.2 t C/hm2)>农耕地(132.7±12.1 t C/hm2),分别比对照(272.9±21.8 t C/hm2)减少了21.5%,29.9%,36.4%,37.0%,51.4%。人工林采伐后形成的不同土地利用类型,土壤有机碳含量和碳储量减小的程度与采伐后紧接着采取的人为措施有关。     

氟离子、磷酸根和铬酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基释放动力学

用恒pH自动电位滴定装置研究了氟离子(F-)、磷酸根(H2PO4-)和铬酸根(CrO42-)在3种可变电荷土壤表面吸附过程中羟基(-OH)释放的动力学。研究结果表明,3种阴离子在可变电荷土壤表面吸附时-OH释放量的大小顺序为:F->>H2PO4->CrO42-,这与土壤对3种阴离子吸附量的大小顺序一致。pH对不同阴离子体系中-OH释放的影响不同,在F-体系中,pH5.0时-OH释放量最高,其次为pH6.0时,pH4.0时-OH释放量最小;CrO42-体系中-OH释放量随pH的增加而减小;pH对H2PO4-体系中-OH释放的影响较小。Elovich方程(Y=a kln(t))能够很好拟合2～60min之间的动力学数据,说明-OH释放的速率随时间增加而减小。比较速率常数k的大小可以发现,虽然F-体系中3种可变电荷土壤在前2min释放的-OH量有很大差异,但在2～60min内,-OH释放速率差别不大。在H2PO4-和CrO42-体系中,-OH释放速率的大小顺序是:昆明砖红壤>徐闻砖红壤>江西红壤,与土壤铁、铝氧化物含量一致。     

Influence of non-cellulose structural carbohydrate composition on plant material decomposition in soil

The C mineralisation pattern during the early stage of decomposition of plant materials is largely determined by their content of different carbohydrates. This study investigated whether detailed plant analysis could provide a better prediction of C mineralisation during decomposition than proximate analysis [neutral detergent solution (NDF)/acid detergent solution (ADF)]. The detailed analysis included sugars, fructans, starch, pectin, cellulose, lignin and organic N. To determine whether differences in decomposition rate were related to differences in hemicellulose composition, the analysis particularly emphasised the concentrations of arabinose and xylose in hemicelluloses. Carbon dioxide evolution was monitored hourly in soil amended with ten different plant materials. Principal component and regression analysis showed that C mineralisation during day 1 was closely related to free sugars, fructans and soluble organic N components (R ² = 0.83). The sum of non-cellulose structural carbohydrates (intermediate NDF/ADF fraction) was not related to C mineralisation between days 1 and 9. In contrast, a model including starch and protein in addition to the non-cellulose structural carbohydrates, with the hemicelluloses replaced by arabinose and xylose, showed a strong relationship with evolved CO₂ (R ² = 0.87). Carbon mineralisation between days 9 and 34 was better explained by xylan, cellulose and lignin (R ² = 0.72) than by lignocellulose in the ADF fraction. Our results indicated that proximate analyses were not sufficient to explain differences in decomposition. To predict C mineralisation from the range of plant materials studied, we propose a minimum set of analyses comprising total N, free sugars, starch, arabinose, xylan, cellulose and lignin.     

时间序列分析在土壤墒情预测中的应用研究

土壤水分的动态模拟是土壤墒情监测及预报的重要内容,采用时间序列的线形模型进行土壤水分时间序列的拟合与趋势预测.在建立模型后,用实测数据与模型的预测数据相比较说明时间序列线形模型能较好地拟合与预测土壤墒情的变化趋势,可为干旱研究及其治理提供依据.