Differences in sheep production between sites within a heterogeneous area

Two stocking rate experiments were performed within an area of 160 ha with (a) weaners (randomised blocks) and (b) breeding ewes (completely randomised design). Using a quadratic economic objective function to combine outputs of wool, lambs, etc., the range of estimates of optimum stocking rates was, for weaners, from 9 to more than 25 per hectare and, for ewes 8 to 20 per hectare. Analyses of variance showed that residual errors were large compared with the effects of stocking rate, management and years. Where attributes of production were relatively accurately measured and sampled, the between site-within stocking rate variance accounted for approximately 75% of the total residual error.Differences in soil depth, aspect, slope, soil moisture and nutrient characteristics are suggested as the fundamental causes of these block differences. However, the few comparisons available did not permit further analysis. Possible benefits to both farm management and experimentation from predicting site potential from these parameters are discussed.     

Decay of Influenza a Viruses of Human and Avian Origin

The decay rate of six strains of Influenza virus Type A of human origin and eight strains of avian origin were examined in aerosol form under fixed conditions of temperature and humidity. Strains of avian origin were demonstrated to have greater resistance to decay of viability.     

Analysis of bread flour constituents

Summary Organic compounds present in minute quantities are responsible for bread flavor profile. Organic acids, alcohols, esters and carbonyl compounds have been identified and estimated, quantitatively, by use of paper, column and vapor-phase chromatography. Because of the minute quantities of most organic flavor constituents, some system of extraction and concentration must be employed for successful analysis. Separation into classes and concentration is best accomplished by formation of derivatives. Developing solvents, carrier system, and techniques of chromatography must be carefully selected for each group of compounds. Success in the analysis of bread flavor constituents has been significant in recent years because of the development of chromatography techniques.

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Zusammenfassung Die Geschmackseigenschaften von Brot werden durch in sehr geringen Mengen vorhandene organische Verbindungen bedingt. Mittels Papier-, Säulen- und Gaschromatographie wurden organische Säuren, Alkohole, Ester und Karbonylverbindungen ermittelt und mengenmäßig bestimmt. Die äußerst geringen Mengen der Mehrzahl der organischen Geschmackskomponenten können nur mit einer Methode, die Extraktion und Konzentration umfaßt, erfolgreich analysiert werden. Diese Trennung in Gruppen und Konzentration wird am besten über die Bildung von Sekundärverbindungen erreicht. Hierbei muß für jede Gruppe von Komponenten eine sehr sorgfältige Auswahl der Entwicklungslösungen, der Vektorsysteme und der chromatographischen Technik getroffen werden. Die bedeutenden Fortschritte der chromatographischen Techniken der letzten Jahre sind der Grund für die Erfolge auf dem Gebiete der Analyse der Geschmackskomponenten von Brot.

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Résumé Des composés organiques, présents en très faible quantités, régissent le profil de saveur du pain. Des acides organiques, des alcools, des esters et des composés carbonyliques ont été identifiés, et évalués, quantitativement par chromatographie sur papier, sur colonne, et en phase vapeur. Du fait des faibles quantités de la plupart des composants organiques de saveur, un système d'extraction et de concentration doit être utilisé pour réussir les analyses. La séparation en classes et la concentration peut être obtenue de façon la meilleure par formation de dérivés. Les solvants de développement, les systèmes vecteurs, et les techniques de chromatographie, doivent être soigneusement selectionnés pour chaque groupe de composants. Les réussites dans le domaine de l'analyse des composants de la saveur du pain ont été significatives ces dernières années, du fait du développement des techniques chromatographiques,

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with 4 figs.

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Contribution no. 424, Department of Flour and Feed Milling Industries, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A.     

HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY BLASTOMYCOSIS IN A DOG

Hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) associated with pulmonary blastomycosis was diagnosed in a 5–year-old male mixed-breed dog. One year prior to referral, increased pulmonary opacity had been identified on radiographs made during an examination for a chronic cough. Although serologic tests for blastomycosis were negative, the dog was treated with oral ketoconozole on the basis of suspicious lesions seen on radiographs and clinical signs. Ten months after completing the ketoconozole therapy, the dog was presented for a persistent cough and lameness. Intrapulmonary masses and periosteat proliferation were observed radiographically. A biopsy of the pulmonary masses was done, and Blastomyces dermatitidis was identified. Amphotericin B and ketoconozole administration resulted in clinical improvement and partial resolution of the HO lesions five months after initiation of therapy.     

Measurement of glycosaminoglycans and keratan sulphate in canine arthropathies

Glycosaminoglycans (gag) and keratan sulphate (ks) were measured in sera and synovial fluids from dogs with either osteoarthritis (oa) or rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (ccl) and normal dogs. The dogs with oa had higher synovial fluid gag levels (P<0·002) and serum KS (P<0·03) compared to the normal dogs. No significant differences in serum gag were found in either group. In both oa and rupture of the ccl, gag levels were increased in the synovial fluid from the affected joint compared with the clinically normal (inactive) contralateral joint. Neither gag nor ks measurements correlated with serum and synovial fluid antibodies to collagen type II, synovial fluid white cell count or age of dog. It is unlikely that the measurement of these cartilage breakdown products is of value for diagnostic or prognostic use in canine arthropathies.