Impact of Rice Flour Cold‐Water‐Soluble Fraction Removal on Gelatinization and Pasting Properties

The influence of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction on gelatinization and pasting properties of rice flour was investigated. The cold‐water‐soluble fraction was removed by water extraction under room temperature. The gelatinization properties of untreated and treated flour were analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter, and pasting profiles were measured with a rapid viscosity analyzer. The removal of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction resulted in the formation of a loosened starch granule structure, a morphological alteration of protein bodies, a markedly lower gelatinization temperature, and a significantly higher pasting enthalpy. The impact on paste viscosity followed different trends. In some cultivars that had lower endogenous amylase activity, the paste viscosity was greatly reduced by the removal of the cold‐water‐soluble fraction. In others, the higher level of endogenous amylase activity led to more soluble saccharides being released through starch hydrolysis. Removing the soluble fraction caused a remarkable increase in peak viscosity. The overall effect on paste viscosity of removing the cold‐water‐soluble fraction was attributed to multiple factors, involving loosening of the starch granule structure, alteration of morphology of protein bodies, and the release of saccharides by endogenous amylase activity.     

作物海藻糖合成相关基因的研究进展

海藻糖是一种非还原性二糖,广泛存在于自然界各种生物中。随着海藻糖代谢途径的发现,人们逐渐重视对海藻糖及其中间产物海藻糖-6-磷酸（trehalose 6-phosphate,T6P）的研究。T6P是糖信号重要标志,也是植物生长发育必不可少的组成部分。海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶（trehalose-6-phosphate synthases,TPS）催化T6P的生成,然后在海藻糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶（trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase,TPP）催化作用下发生去磷酸化反应生成海藻糖。海藻糖合成相关基因在植物生长发育、逆境调控中具有重要作用,本文对海藻糖合成及作物中相关基因的功能进行了总结。     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

基于遗传算法的基质培黄瓜营养液配方优化（英文）

为探究施肥多因子耦合对黄瓜产量、品质、肥料利用率等方面的综合调控,获取适宜的基质栽培营养液配方。以'博耐526'黄瓜为试材,通过四因素（N、K、Ca、Mg）五水平（1/2）二次正交旋转组合设计,共23个处理,利用四元二次回归分析建立了N、K、Ca、Mg对黄瓜产量品质综合评分的回归模型,分析了双因素与三因素耦合效应对黄瓜产量品质综合评分的影响。结果表明,各因素对黄瓜产量品质综合评分的影响程度由大到小依次为氮、钾、钙、镁,黄瓜产量品质综合评分随各因素的增加均呈现先增加后减小的趋势。N-K和N-Ca的耦合效应显著（P<0.05）,而其余因素耦合效应不显著（P>0.05）;N-K耦合效应对黄瓜产量和品质综合得分的影响为负,而N-Ca耦合效应为正。同时建立了黄瓜产量品质综合评分、氮、钾和钙利用率的多目标优化模型,利用遗传算法对该模型进行模拟寻优,得到优化的氮,钾,钙和镁浓度分别为14.83、6.89、3.55和4.17 mmol/L。在此条件下,黄瓜的单株产量、可溶性蛋白、维生素C和可溶性总糖含量分别比山崎黄瓜专用配方处理显着提高了21.07%,40.91%,53.33%和11.48%,有机酸和硝酸盐含量比山崎黄瓜专用配方处理显著降低,此结果可为基质栽培黄瓜高产优质和营养液科学管理提供指导依据。     

黄土高原半干旱区退耕地沙棘林密度调控

本文以黄土高原半干旱地区吴起县北部沙棘人工成林为研究对象,定位观测了沙棘林地林木蒸腾、土壤蒸发及土壤水分状况等,根据水资源承载能力确定退耕地沙棘林适宜密度及其动态调控。结果表明：沙棘林分生长季节内,丰水年土壤贮水量总体为盈余;平水年的同期降水不能满足林地蒸散消耗;枯水年土壤水分明显亏缺。该地区沙棘林稳定群落密度为1445株（丛）／hm^2,初植密度为2223株（丛）／hm^2。造林密度过大是造成土壤水分亏缺、植被生态效益和经济效益难以发挥的重要因素。     

离心泵平衡腔液体压力的计算与验证

针对开平衡孔双密封环叶轮离心泵的平衡腔液体压力计算问题,基于液体通过叶轮平衡孔和后密封环间隙的泄漏量相等,引入了压力系数p和比面积k2个无因特征参数,推导出了平衡腔液体压力计算模型,其关系曲线为p= f (k )的无因次曲线,并给出了待定系数 a、b 的计算方法。在3BA-6泵上,取与计算相同的叶轮平衡孔直径进行了试验验证。结果表明,在泵设计工况下平衡腔液体压力的试验与理论无因次曲线较为一致,验证了平衡腔液体压力计算模型的正确性与可行性。该研究可为开平衡孔双密封环叶轮离心泵轴向力计算提供基础理论。     

手持式数字化多功能电子测树枪的研制与试验

为了实现森林的数字化、多功能、精准计测,该文研制了一种数字化多功能电子测树枪,该设备以MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical systems)测角传感器、激光测距传感器、电子罗盘等主要硬件为基础,通过测量距离、倾角、磁方位角3个参数,基于三角函数原理,嵌入操作软件,实现了树高测量、林分平均高测量、株数密度测量、角规绕测、任意高度直径测量、基本测量6项功能。并将该设备在河南省、内蒙古等地林场进行了试验,试验结果表明,树高测量精度最高,达99.39%,林分平均高测量精度最低,为94.97%,其他功能精度都在95%以上,可以满足林业外业调查的需要。     

Nitrate assay by multiple wavelength spectroscopy and analysis of kinetic parameters of net nitrate uptake by barley seedlings

A method for determination of nitrate concentration and estimation of kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake by spectroscopy based on absorbances at multiple wavelengths has been developed to estimate nitrate uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Steptoe) seedlings. Nitrate concentration in the nutrient solution was determined from the slope of the linear regression line of the absorbances to nitrate absorption coefficients at 12 wavelengths. Interference by root exudates was only due to an absorption component changing with wavelength in correlation with nitrate absorption. The standard error of the determination decreased in reverse proportion to the square root of the number of the wavelengths. A linear form of the net uptake equation, NUR = I_maxC/K_m+C‐E, could be expressed as NUR = (I_max ‐ E) ‐ K_m NUR/C ‐ K_mE I/C where NUR is net uptake rate, Imax is maximum influx, C is concentration, Km is the Michaelis constant, and E is an efflux constant. The method described here was used to determine the time course of nitrate depletion by barley seedlings from their nutrient solution. The isotherm of net nitrate uptake rates derived from the time course was analyzed after modifications based on the linear form of the net uptake equation. The analysis yielded highly significant results (P<0.0001).