木霉耐盐突变菌株的紫外诱变选育

为了获得高效耐盐木霉突变菌株,以盐碱土中分离的一株深绿木霉T-YM作为原始菌株进行紫外诱变处理,并筛选了突变菌株的最佳诱变条件,利用NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫条件测定了突变菌株耐盐指标生长速率、产孢量和菌丝生长量。结果表明,与对照(野生型菌株)相比,当诱变时间为3 min时能够显著提高深绿木霉T-YM突变菌株菌落生长速度和产孢量,分别增加17.69%和28.82%;诱变时间为0.5 min和5 min时能够显著提高突变菌株菌丝生长量,分别增加42.22%和46.67%。利用10 mg·mL^-1 NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫条件时,与对照相比突变菌株菌落生长速度、产孢量和菌丝干重整体高于野生型菌株,尤其当诱变时间为3 min时,不同浓度盐胁迫下其产孢量平均增加51.18%,诱变时间为0.5 min时其菌丝干重平均增加23.65%;NaCl胁迫(10 mg·mL^-1)下,诱变处理0.5 min获得的正突变菌株经传代接种培养后其耐盐性较为稳定。因此,紫外诱变可作为一种选育高效耐盐木霉突变菌株的有效方法。     

长沙市某县退出小反刍兽疫强制免疫暴发的定性风险评估

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是一种由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的疾病,主要感染山羊和绵羊。2021年为加快推进小反刍兽疫无疫区建设,实现小反刍兽疫非免疫无疫区建设标准,长沙市某县拟在本地开展小反刍兽疫退出强制免疫风险评估。通过对小反刍兽疫监测流调、危害识别、风险路径的确定和风险因素层级评估等方法进行的定性风险评估初步显示,在该地取消小反刍兽疫强制免疫后可能会发生小反刍兽疫的风险等级为中。在风险管理措施上,提出该地退出强制免疫应推迟一年,重点完善政策支持、加强监测排查、加强检疫监管、强化培训宣传等建议。     

68.75%噁酮.锰锌水分散粒剂对柑橘黑点病的防治效果

柑橘黑点病(Diaporthe citri)是危害柑橘最严重的病害之一,每年需要喷施4-5次杀菌剂进行防治,为明确68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG对柑橘果实黑点病的防治效果,分别在浙江黄岩和常山进行了田间试验。结果发现黄岩试验点68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG 500倍全程5次对黑点病的防治效果为84.79%、常山试验点同样药剂800倍全程4次对黑点病的防治效果为74.10%,效果不亚于常规推荐的杀菌剂代森锰锌,说明68.75%噁酮.锰锌WG 500-800倍在柑橘花谢2/3后开始第一次用药,隔20-25天喷施一次,共用药4-5次,可有效防治柑橘黑点病。     

湘春豆25号秋播高产栽培技术研究

为提高特早熟春大豆湘春豆25号的秋播增产潜力,采用三元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了种植密度、苗前期施复合肥、苗后期施尿素等3个主要栽培因子对湘春豆25号秋播产量的影响.结果表明:种植密度(x1)、苗前期施复合肥(x2)两因子对产量有显著影响,苗后期施尿素(x3)主效不显著,与x1,x2互作显著;湘春豆25号翻秋种植适合高密度、高肥力水平下栽培;中等肥力土壤上栽培,产量2400kg/hm2以上的优化农艺模式有39个,其主要决策因素取值范围:种植密度57.58~61.51万株/hm2,苗前期施复合肥316.8~427.65kg/hm2,苗后期施尿素202.44~284.34kg/hm2.     

Effects of different dietary copper sources on the growth and intestinal microbial communities of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary copper sources on growth performance and intestinal microbial communities of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous (420 g/kg crude protein) and isolipidic (70 g/kg crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated to contain different copper sources, Diet NSC (no‐supplemented copper), Diet CS (copper sulphate), Diet Availa (copper amino acid complex from Availa^®Cu100) and Diet M (1:1, copper sulphate + copper amino acid complex). A total of 360 Pacific white shrimp juveniles (initial weight: 1.86 ± 0.03 g) were randomly allocated into four groups, with three replicates per group and 30 shrimps each replicate. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to analyse the intestinal bacterial composition of shrimp juveniles. The results revealed that shrimps fed Diet M had significantly higher percent weight gain (PWG) than that fed Diet NSC and Diet CS, while there were no significant differences between Diet M and Diet Availa. Survival was not affected by the dietary copper sources. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were dominant in the intestines of Pacific white shrimp. Shrimps fed Diet M and Diet Availa had higher bacterial richness and diversity than those fed Diet NSC and Diet CS with no significant differences among all treatments. Furthermore, Diet M and Diet Availa which contained copper amino acid complex reduced the relative abundance of Vibrionaceae in shrimp intestinal tract. This study indicated that dietary copper sources could affect the intestinal microbial communities and diets supplemented with Availa^®Cu100 could have a positive impact on the growth performance and decrease the potential risk of disease in Pacific white shrimp.     

Isolation and characteristics of eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci from the genome of garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Here we characterized eight novel polymorphic SSR markers, developed from an enriched genomic library of garlic (Allium sativum L.). These SSRs produced a total of 64 alleles across 90 garlic accessions, with an average of 8 alleles per locus. Values for observed (H_O) and expected (H_E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.16 to 0.77 (mean = 0.44) and from 0.22 to 0.86 (mean = 0.65), respectively. Six loci deviated significantly (P < 0.05) from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The averages of gene diversity and PIC values were 0.65 and 0.62, respectively. The mean genetic similarity coefficient was 0.4380, indicating that among garlic accessions existed wide genetic variation. Based on 64 alleles obtained by 8 SSRs, a phenogram was constructed to understand the relationships among the 90 accessions. These newly developed SSRs should prove very useful tools for genotypes identification, assessment of genetic diversity and population structure in garlic.     

核桃组织培养技术综述

分别对核桃和山核桃属植物的组织培养中外植体选择与消毒、外植体褐化问题、外植体的主要诱导技术及外植体成苗以后生根技术研究等进行综述,展望其发展前景。     

滑阀节流槽阀口的流量控制特性

提出以节流槽内节流面的串并联效应确定二节矩形节流槽阀口面积的原则,推导出阀口面积的计算公式并编制了阀口面积的计算程序;在此基础上对二节矩形节流槽的流量特性进行了试验,试验表明二节矩形节流槽阀口的流量系数是单节矩形槽阀口流量系数的组合,流量系数在阀口开度较小或接近全开时流量系数快速增大,在阀口开度中间区段流量系数较小,在二节节流槽的交界处流量系数增大,流出节流槽方向的流量系数比流入方向约大0.1;提出了反映节流槽阀口流量控制特性的参数阀口流量面积Aq,阀口流量面积为阀口面积和流量系数的耦合函数,与阀口面积及流量系数传统概念相比,阀口流量面积更加合理地表征了阀口几何面积和阀口形状对流量的控制作用.     

基于Kalman滤波农用车辆导航定位方法

因RTD-GPS定位精度不能满足农田导航作业的需要,研究了一种提高农用车辆自动导航定位精度的方法.建立天线补偿模型,对GPS天线晃动引起的误差进行了补偿;建立基于Kalman滤波模型,融合多传感器信息;使用自主开发的基于VRS的GPS接收机,作为RTD-GPS.将RTD-GPS、电子罗盘以及速度传感器获得信息进行Kalman滤波,其结果和高精度GPS数据进行了比较.实验证明,直线跟踪中,平均偏差由1.6019m减小到0.597m;曲线跟踪中,平均偏差由1.2085m减小到0.4861m.     

永磁式涡流缓速器制动性能影响因素敏感性分析

在分析永磁式涡流缓速器制动力矩与结构参数关系的基础上,将均匀设计和回归分析方法引入到永磁式涡流缓速器制动性能影响因素敏感性分析中。以某型号的永磁式涡流缓速器为例,建立了制动力矩随转子鼓内半径、永磁体周向长度、气隙宽度、转子鼓轴向宽度和永磁体高度5个结构参数变化的回归模型,重点讨论了结构参数间交互作用以及各结构参数对制动力矩的影响程度,基于均匀试验设计和制动性能敏感性分析的结果,采用全排列法对结构参数进行了优化。