Use of supplemental amino acids on the success of reducing dietary protein levels for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of essential amino acids (EAA) supplementation on the success of dietary protein reduction for Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Five diets were formulated including a positive control (Diet 1, 378.4 g/kg protein), a negative control (Diet 5, 289.8 g/kg protein) and three test diets (Diet 2‐Diet 4, 340.4–299.0 g/kg protein supplemented with EAA). No significant decline of growth performance in fish fed decreased dietary protein with EAA supplementation, which were significantly higher than the negative control. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and most EAAs were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Dietary treatments did not affect whole‐body composition, but influenced protein and EAAs retentions. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion decreased with the decreasing dietary protein, and the highest plasma ammonia content was observed in fish fed Diet 5. Plasma glucose concentration increased with the decreasing dietary protein reduction, while other plasma parameters were not affected by dietary treatments. These results indicated that low‐protein diets (299.0 g/kg) supplemented with EAA can maintain protein, EAA digestibility and retention in Jian carp, and also has benefit in the reduction of TAN excretion.     

Evaluating the use of garlic (Allium sativum) for the remedy of Cryptocaryon irritans in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties against a range of disease‐causing agents, including fish parasites. Our study aimed to investigate the potential use of garlic as a treatment against Cryptocaryon irritans infection, using guppies (Poecilia reticulata) as the fish model. Garlic was freeze‐dried, powdered, and used as it is or as an aqueous extract. The content of allicin, its main active ingredient, was 1.25 mg/g in garlic powder and 0.82 mg/ml in the aqueous extract, as determined by HPLC analysis. Aqueous garlic extract fully immobilized C. irritans theronts and protomonts within 20 and 40 min, respectively, following exposure to 5 µl/ml. Treatment trials were performed, in which infected fish were fed with garlic powder‐supplemented feeds (5%, 10%, or 20% supplementation), bathed in garlic aqueous extract (250 or 500 µl/L) and subjected to a combined treatment which included both feeding and bathing. Results revealed that the tested treatments failed to cure the infection, though reduction in infection intensity on the caudal fin, but not on the gills, was evident following dietary supplementation with 20% of powdered garlic in one of the trials.     

Essential amino acids supplementation to practical diets affects growth,feed utilization and glucose metabolism‐related signalling molecules of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six diets were formulated to investigate the success of fish meal (FM) replacement by plant proteins; diet 1 reflected a commercial feed (8% FM), diet 3 contained 4% FM, and diet 5 was devoid of FM. Whereas, diet 2, diet 4, and diet 6 reflected diet 1, diet 3, diet 5, respectively, and supplemented with essential amino acid (EAA). At the end of 8‐week trial, there was no significant difference in survival rate. Significantly higher final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were recorded in the group fed diet 2 compared with the other treatments (except diet 4) (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 2 was significantly lower than those fed diets 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.05). The lowest feed intake and highest protein efficiency rate were found in fish fed diet 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body compositions between treatments. Plasma aspartate transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), while plasma protein and albumin contents were not influenced by the treatments. The relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (PIK3R1) in fish fed diet 3 (4% FM) were significantly down‐regulated compared with those fed diet 6 for TOR and diets 4 and 6 for PIK3R1 (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK3) expressions were fluctuated, with the higher levels in fish fed diets 4 and 6. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant protein mixture supplemented with EAA could be used to substitute FM in practical diet for Megalobrama amblycephala.     

安徽省沿江地区直播油菜钾肥效应研究

为了探明安徽省沿江地区直播油菜的钾肥产量效应,采用田间试验方法,研究了不同钾肥用量对油菜产量、钾肥利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥对直播油菜有显著的增产效应。3个不同土壤肥力的试验田块均是以处理K120获得较高产量。提高钾肥用量,油菜的钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率均有降低的趋势。油菜施用钾肥后的经济效益显著,处理K120产值和施肥效益最高,分别为6556.61元/hm2和6052.61元/hm2。产投比以处理K60和K120较高,产投比均高于2.0。综合考虑油菜施用钾肥的产量和经济效益,本试验条件下,安徽省沿江地区以每公顷施用120 kg K2O为最佳钾肥用量。     

杉木无性系生长和木材品质性状遗传变异研究

[目的]研究杉木无性系生长性状和木材品质性状的遗传变异规律,为广西杉木栽培区选择优良无性系、提高广西杉木人工林经营效益提供参考.[方法]对34个杉木无性系的单株材积、木材基本密度和管胞形态性状进行方差分析,估算无性系重复力、遗传相关和遗传增益等遗传参数,采用多性状综合指数选择方法选出生长性状与木材品质兼优的杉木无性系并估算遗传增益.[结果]杉木的生长性状具有丰富的遗传变异,变异系数较大的是材积、胸径和树高,其变异系数分别为41.06％、16.44％和12.41％.杉木无性系间的胸径、树高、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度和管胞宽度差异极显著（P＜0.01）,管胞长宽比差异显著（P＜0.05）,且无性系重复力除管胞长宽比外均在0.5以上.木材密度与胸径、树高、材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度在表型相关和遗传相关上呈负相关.采用多性状综合选择指数法选出3个优良无性系,其胸径、树高、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞长宽比的遗传增益分别为9.83％、7.58％、24.60％、-3.92％、4.65％、2.12％和1.26％.[结论]杉木无性系间具有良好的选择潜力,采用多性状综合指数选择法可以选出生长性状与木材品质兼优的杉木无性系.     

半夏SSR分子标记开发与遗传多样性

对半夏转录组数据进行分析,设计开发SSR引物,利用筛选出的SSR引物分析不同居群间半夏的遗传多样性,为半夏分子标记辅助育种提供支撑。结果显示:筛选出的19对多态性较高的引物在17个半夏居群中共检测到49个多态性位点,具有较高的多态性;利用UPGMA作图共将17个半夏居群分为3个类群;通过分子方差分析(AMOVA)发现半夏居群内的变异达到88%,说明群体与群体间的差异相对较小,遗传变异主要来源于个体间;居群间平均分化系数Fst为0.124,居群间基因流Nm值为1.765,表明居群间能正常地进行基因交流,且居群间遗传分化受基因流的影响较大。本研究利用SSR技术开发的19对SSR引物在不同半夏居群间具有一定的通用性、多态性,能将17份半夏材料明确区分。     

斯氏小盲绥螨取食3种花粉和椭圆食粉螨的实验种群生命表

为了研究斯氏小盲绥螨［Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot)］取食3种不同花粉和椭圆食粉螨［Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau)］的发育和繁殖,为斯氏小盲绥螨人工大量饲养提供理论依据,在光照L∥D=10 h∥14 h、相对湿度85%,温度(25±1) ℃的条件下, 研究斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨的生物学特性,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代,雌螨发育历期分别为10.42、8.32、9.18、14.43 d;平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.20、65.30、40.17、9.62粒;内禀增长率分别为0.134 3、0.150 2、0.144 9、0.089 5;取食丝瓜花粉的净增殖率（R0=45.057 0）、内禀增长率(rm=0.150 2)和周限增长率 （λ=1.162 0）都最大;取食玉米花粉的雌雄性比最大（2.27∶1）;取食椭圆食粉螨的雌雄性比（0.91∶1）、净增殖率（4.578 8）和内禀增长率（0.089 5）都最小。     

基于Android系统的植保无人机监控软件设计

以Android为系统开发平台,设计一种植保无人机监控系统,可实现植保无人机飞行过程的移动控制.通过对植保无人机监控系统功能模块进行设计,并从Android基础理论出发,进行植保无人机控制系统软件设计,完成无人机植保作业过程中的状态监控及飞行控制.测试结果表明:该植保无人机监控系统能够有效地对无人机飞行过程进行控制.     

基于GF-1卫星遥感的冬小麦面积早期识别

GF-1号卫星是中国高分卫星系列首颗卫星,自2013年04月26日发射以来,提供了大量的2 m/8 m/16 m空间分辨率的卫星数据,成为中国农业遥感监测的主要数据源之一。该文以GF-1卫星携带的16 m空间分辨率的宽视场(wide field view,WFV)传感器为主要数据源,采用2013年10月2日、10月17日、11月7日和12月5日4个时相的数据,以多尺度分割后的对象为基本分类单元,采用分层决策树分类的方法对冬小麦面积进行提取,并利用地面样方数据对分类结果进行了精度验证。结果表明,北京市顺义区冬小麦面积7 095 hm2,分类总体精度达到96.7%,制图精度为90.0%,其他未分类类别精度为97.3%,Kappa系数为0.8。研究区内冬小麦的播种时间可以分为10月1-5日早播、10月6-10日中播、10月11-15日中晚播、10月16-20日晚播等4个时间段,不同播期对应着归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)不同的变化规律,是分层的基础,结合波段反射率、波段反射率和、波段反射率比值等参数的变化规律,通过分层可以有效的剔除草坪、桃树等容易同冬小麦混淆的地物类型,GF-1/WFV提供的多时相遥感数据能够可靠的反映冬小麦发育变化的规律,是冬小麦面积准确提取的基础,在农作物面积遥感监测业务运行中具有较大的开发应用潜力。     

基于风险因素分析的布鲁氏菌病渐进式控制实践

动物疫病渐进式控制路径(Progressive control pathway,PCP)是国际组织推荐的疫病净化和无疫认证风险测量与管理技术。本研究利用PCP策略,基于布鲁氏菌病主要传播风险因素分析与控制,在陕西省榆林市开展了陕北白绒山羊市场价值链研究和风险管理经济学评估。结果表明:在相关假定风险因素中,外购混养饲养模式、随意丢弃流产物、产羔地不严格消毒、近1年内有羊只引进、生产区与生活区不分离、2011年以后新建养殖场等因素是该地布鲁氏菌病传播的主要风险因素(P≤0.05);该市羊只交易频繁,大批量引进以从辽宁营口、内蒙古乌审旗、陕西横山为主;榆林市的府谷、佳县、清涧、靖边、定边等县引进羊只较为频繁;该市羊只以本地销售为主,部分销往陕西西安,以及内蒙古、宁夏、山西等地;榆阳区、绥德县、神木县、子洲县形成的规模化羊只集散市场是榆林市羊只流通的重要环节,成为疫病传播风险控制的关键节点。针对上述主要风险因素,通过PCP策略中的风险管理实施,该市饲养羊只平均增加生产效益18.75元/只;按照全市年饲养量1 000万只羊估算,每年可增加经济收入1.875亿元。该研究为切实提高布鲁氏菌病防控技术水平,探索有效防控模式提供了参考。