我国鲢鳙鳊鲫鱼肉蛋白质冷藏稳定性的研究

采用肌原纤维（Ｍｆ）ＡＴＰ酶活性和溶解度考察鲢鳙鳊鲫四种淡水鱼的冷藏稳定性,显示出完全一致的对应结果,即－２０℃鲢鳙变性严重,鳊鲫轻微,结果表明：ＭｆＣａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性在考察蛋白质冷藏变性中是一个可靠而又实用的指标。     

Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Differential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.     

Molecular characterization and identification of facilitative glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and its expression and of the related glycometabolism enzymes in response to different starch levels in blunt snout bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Megalobrama amblycephala</Emphasis>)

Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) are transmembrane transporters involved in glucose transport across the plasma membrane. In this study, blunt snout bream GLUT2 gene was cloned, and its expression in various tissues and in liver in response to diets with different carbohydrate levels (17.1; 21.8; 26.4; 32.0; 36.3; and 41.9% of dry matter). Blunt snout bream GLUT2 was also characterized. A full-length cDNA fragment of 2577 bp was cloned, which contains a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 73 bp, a 3′-UTR of 992 bp, and an open reading frame of 1512 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 503 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 55.046 kDa and theoretical isoelectric point was 7.52. The predicted GLUT2 protein has 12 transmembrane domains between amino acid residues at 7–29; 71–93; 106–123; 133–155; 168–190; 195–217; 282–301; 316–338; 345–367; 377–399; 412–434; and 438–460. Besides, the conservative structure domains located at 12–477 amino acids belong to the sugar porter family which is the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters. Blunt snout bream GLUT2 had the high degree of sequence identity to four GLUT2s from zebrafish, chicken, human, and mouse, with 91, 63, 57, and 54% identity, respectively. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR assays revealed that GLUT2 expression was high in the liver, intestine, and kidney; highest in the liver and was regulated by carbohydrate intake. Compared with the control group (17.1%), fed by 3 h with higher starch levels (32.0; 36.3; and 41.9%), increased plasma glucose levels and glycemic level went back to basal by 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, higher dietary starch levels significantly increase GLUT2, glucokinase (GK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) expression and concurrently decrease phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) mRNA levels (P?<?0.05), and these changes were also back to basal levels after 24 h of any dietary treatment. These results indicate that the blunt snout bream is able to regulate their ability to metabolize glucose by improving GLUT2, GK, and PK expression levels and decreasing PEPCK and G6P expression levels.     

帆张网渔获物组成及其多样性分析

根据2007年12月～2008年6月在东海北部和黄海南部海域调查所获取的资料,分析了帆张网作业渔获物组成及其多样性特征。结果显示,调查采获的鱼类41种,甲壳类22种,头足类3种。其中主要渔获物由小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）、带鱼（Trichiurus haumela）、细条天竺鱼（Apogon lineatus）、太平洋褶柔鱼（Todarodes pacificus）、长枪乌贼（Loligo bleekeri）和细点圆趾蟹（Ovalipes punctatus）等10个种类组成,其质量占总样品质量的79.86%。对小黄鱼和带鱼进行体长和体质量组成分析得出,其幼鱼比例分别为97.20%和61.00%。物种种类丰度和多样性指数值显示,鱼类1月较高,而4、5和6月相对较低;甲壳类在5月较高,而4月相对较低。现行的帆张网渔获物中幼鱼比例较高,对经济幼鱼资源的损害较严重。     

Molecular divergence and application of the ITS-5.8S rDNA and RUBISCO spacer in <Emphasis Type=Italic>Porphyra haitanensis</Emphasis> Chang et Zheng (Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

To select a reliable and sensitive method for discriminating strains of Porphyra haitanensis, the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1 to internal transcribed spacer 2 regions (ITS-5.8S) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the intergenic spacer region of RUBISCO were compared in five wild and five cultivated Porphyra haitanensis strains. Based on molecular analyses, sequences of ITS-5.8S (about 1,210 bp) could be divided into three regions: ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2. The ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of each strain differed, even between individuals collected from the same site. In contrast, 5.8S rDNA and RUBISCO spacer sequences were identical among the ten P. haitanensis strains, although differences were found among different Porphyra species. Phylogenetic analysis also supported these conclusions. These sequence features of highly conserved regions and diversified regions that occurred repeatedly in ITS-5.8S could be useful in discriminating germplasm of P. haitanensis strains or Porphyra species. In contrast, the RUBISCO spacer is only suitable for identifying Porphyra species. New coupled primers were designed to amplify only the 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 region of Porphyra. The sequences of these amplified fragments can be readily used to identify germplasm or to perform phylogenetic analysis of Porphyra spp.     

黄土丘陵区白羊草与达乌里胡枝子混播草地土壤呼吸日变化特征

土壤呼吸是反映土壤质量和肥力性状的重要指标,阐明禾―豆混播草地土壤呼吸作用的变化规律及其影响因素,可以为准确评估混播草地的环境效应及响应提供依据。在2011和2012年6月份,采用动态密闭气室分析法,比较了白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)与达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)不同比例间作混播草地总土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征、混播植物贡献率以及温度敏感性等。结果表明,不同混播比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率日变化为单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00~14:00。总土壤呼吸速率日均值高低顺序为单播白羊草白羊草和达乌里胡枝子间作单播达乌里胡枝子。不同间作比例草地的总土壤呼吸速率与白昼气温相关显著(P0.05),而与5、10和15 cm土层白昼土壤温度关系不明显;单播条件下,白羊草草丛的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性高于达乌里胡枝子;各草地土壤呼吸Q10值的变化范围为1.48~2.61,以单播白羊草最高,单播达乌里胡枝子和两者间作混播草地间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

No reason for keeping 0+ perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) with the prey fish

Growth and survival of 0+ perch were studied in 4 ponds with the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) and without it. In the end of April, all ponds were stocked by free-swimming perch larvae (120,000 ind ha^?1). In June, topmouth gudgeon was introduced as forage fish (40 kg ha^?1) into two of the experimental ponds. Topmouth gudgeon significantly influenced neither the total abundance of zooplankton nor the abundance of its groups (Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda). The most important food item for perch (TL > 29 mm) was macroinvertebrates (especially Chironomidae). In the ponds with topmouth gudgeon, copepods and cladocerans were more important than in ponds without it. Specific growth rate of perch was 0.01 mm day^?1 in all ponds. Final mean total length (TL ± SD) of perch was 73 ± 13 and 70 ± 6 mm in the ponds with topmouth gudgeon and without it, respectively. Only 1 % of the perch reached higher TL than that recorded in the ponds without the topmouth gudgeon. Survival rate of perch varied from 12 to 36 % depending on ponds. Piscivory was recorded in all ponds from the age of 57 days (post-stocking); however, perch siblings were preferred to topmouth gudgeon. The highest asymptotic growth (L∞ = 88 mm) was calculated in the pond stocked with topmouth gudgeon. This corresponded with the highest cannibalism and lowest survival rate (12 %). Perch growth rate increased till 42–53 days of perch age and then started to decrease. There was no significant influence of potential prey fish (topmouth gudgeon) on the growth of 0+ perch; however, two size cohorts were found in the ponds with the topmouth gudgeon. Presence or absence of littoral macrophytes seems to be more substantial for rearing perch in ponds than stocking with the prey fish.     

甘肃省特色农业产业化发展现状与对策分析

特色农业产业化是现代农业的主要内容和发展趋势,也是新时期农村扶贫开发、减贫惠农,落实乡村振兴战略的重大举措。基于对甘肃省特色农业产业化发展现状和存在问题的分析,提出了加强农业基础设施建设,夯实农业发展根基;完善农业产业组织体系,催生内在发展动力;构建现代农业产业技术体系,促进成果转化应用;健全土地流转、金融投资、保险服务体系,保障农业经营需求;完善质量标准与监管体系,打造过硬品牌优势等对策。     

植物生长条件下土壤水分与养分资源动态分布的模拟研究

借助根系功能-结构机理模型,在动态描述根系空间生长发育的基础上,采用根系空间吸水速率函数耦合三维土壤水动力学模型,描述根系吸收条件下土壤水分的时空分布;以根个体为中心,采用扩散方式,描述了由于根系吸收土壤中磷元素而引起的土壤中有效磷分布的动态变化。通过小麦苗期根系结构与生物量的动态观测试验,获取了根系生长参数,利用文献资料获取了土壤水分运移参数、土壤有效磷扩散参数。在设定的灌溉与蒸散情景下,模拟了根长密度与根系吸收速率在三维空间的动态分布、根系吸水条件下土壤水分三维时空变化以及根系吸收磷元素的条件下土壤中有效磷的亏缺区域变化过程。模拟结果显示,根系-土壤系统能够实时地模拟根系生长下土壤环境资源的动态变化。     

鸭的类似鸡白细胞介素2基因的克隆及遗传进化分析

通过RT—PCR和DNA测序技术，克隆和测定了绍兴麻鸭的一种类似鸡白细胞介素2(IL-2)基因的核苷酸序列，并构建了该基因编码蛋白的三维结构分子模型。结果显示，绍兴麻鸭的类似于鸡IL-2基因的核苷酸长度由748个碱基组成，编码产物为由140个氨基酸残基组成的多肽，编码产物中含有21个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽。绍兴麻鸭的类似于鸡IL-2基因的核苷酸及编码产物，与鸡和火鸡IL-2的一致性分别为71.4％～72．1％和55．0％～57．9％，与哺乳类等动物IL-2的一致性分别为22．1％～28．8％和14．3％～17．1％。对绍兴麻鸭的类似于鸡IL-2基因蛋白编码产物的系统进化树分析表明，其编码产物与鸡和火鸡IL-2具有较远的亲缘关系。绍兴麻鸭的类似于鸡IL-2基因编码产物的三维结构，预测由4个α-螺旋结构和2个β折叠组成。这些研究结果预示。鸭的类似于鸡IL-2基因编码产物，在生物学功能上与哺乳动物和其他禽类具有很大的差异。