Organophosphorus poisoning: A comparative study of the toxicity of carbophenothion to the Canada goose,the pigeon and the Japanese quail

The acute single dose oral toxicity of carbophenothion (S-4-chlorophenylthiomethyl OO-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been determined in Canada geese (Branta canadensis), pigeons (Columba livia) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). At post mortem examination gross pathological changes were observed in Canada geese and pigeons and esterase levels were determined by conventional and electrophoretic methods on extracts of liver and brain from these two species. Carbophenothion residue levels were determined in liver, brain and gizzard contents from the geese and pigeons. The overall pattern of results suggests that esterase inhibition may not be the dominant factor in carbophenothion poisoning in geese. It is suggested that a brain carbophenothion residue level of 1 part/10⁶ is indicative of death by poisoning in geese.     

The influence of preplanting dips and postplanting temperatures on root growth and development of nonprecooled tulips,daffodils and hyacinths

The effects of preplanting dips and postplanting temperatures were studied, using nonprecooled bulbs of Tulipa gesneriana L. ‘Paul Richter’, Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. ‘Explorer’ and Hyacinthus orientalis L. ‘Pink Pearl’, for 2 consecutive years. Preplanting treatments consisted of a non-dip control, and 30-min dips of either tap water or benomyl—ethazol. After planting, the tulips and daffodils received temperatures of 5, 9, 13, 17 or 21° C for a 5-week period. Hyacinths received temperatures of 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29 or 33° C for 5 weeks in the first year and for 25 days in the second year.It was determined that 17° C for 3 weeks and 17° C for 3–4 weeks were the optimal temperatures and periods of time for root development of tulips and daffodils, respectively. For hyacinths, a range of from 17 to 25° C for 10–14 days was optimal. Under these conditions, a minimum root length of 70 mm was obtained and all bulbs of each species had rooted.The benomyl-ethazol and water preplanting dips stimulated root growth for the first 2 weeks for tulips. This effect was not observed for daffodils and hyacinths.