Safety of an attenuated West Nile virus vaccine, live Flavivirus chimera in horses

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: West Nile virus (WNV) infection is endemic and able to cause disease in naive hosts. It is necessary therefore to evaluate the safety of new vaccines. OBJECTIVES: To establish: 1) the safety of a modified live Flavivirus/West Nile virus (WN-FV) chimera by administration of an overdose and testing for shed of vaccine virus and spread to uninoculated sentinel horses; 2) that this vaccine did not become pathogenic once passaged in horses; and 3) vaccine safety under field conditions. METHODS: There were 3 protocols: 1) In the overdose/shed and spread study, horses were vaccinated with a 100x immunogenicity overdose of WN-FV chimera vaccine and housed with sentinel horses. 2) A reversion to virulence study, where horses were vaccinated with a 20x immunogenicity overdose of WN-FV chimera vaccine. Horses in both studies were evaluated for abnormal health conditions and samples obtained to detect virus, seroconversion and dissemination into tissues. 3) In a field safety test 919 healthy horses of various ages, breeds and sex were used. RESULTS: Vaccination did not result in site or systemic reactions in either experimental or field-injected horses. There was no shed of vaccine virus, no detection of vaccine virus into tissue and no reversion to virulence with passage. CONCLUSIONS: WN-FV chimera vaccine is safe to use in horses with no evidence of ill effects from very high doses of vaccine. There was no evidence of reversion to virulence. In addition, administration of this vaccine to several hundred horses that may have been previously exposed to WNV or WNV vaccine resulted in no untoward reactions. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: These studies establish that this live attenuated Flavivirus chimera is safe to use for immunoprophylaxis against WNV disease in horses.     

Efficacy, duration, and onset of immunogenicity of a West Nile virus vaccine, live Flavivirus chimera, in horses with a clinical disease challenge model

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: West Nile virus (WNF) is a Flavivirus responsible for a life-threatening neurological disease in man and horses. Development of improved vaccines against Flavivirus infections is therefore important. OBJECTIVES: To establish that a single immunogenicity dose of live Flavivirus chimera (WN-FV) vaccine protects horses from the disease and it induces a protective immune response, and to determine the duration of the protective immunity. METHODS: Clinical signs were compared between vaccinated (VACC) and control (CTRL) horses after an intrathecal WNV challenge given at 10 or 28 days, or 12 months post vaccination. RESULTS: Challenge of horses in the immunogenicity study at Day 28 post vaccination resulted in severe clinical signs of WNV infection in 10/10 control (CTRL) compared to 1/20 vaccinated (VACC) horses (P<0.01). None of the VACC horses developed viraemia and minimal histopathology was noted. Duration of immunity (DPI) was established at 12 months post vaccination. Eight of 10 CTRL exhibited severe clinical signs of infection compared to 1 of 9 VACC horses (P<0.05). There was a significant reduction in the occurrence of viraemia and histopathology lesion in VACC horses relative to CTRL horses. Horses challenged at Day 10 post vaccination experienced moderate or severe clinical signs of WNV infection in 3/3 CTRL compared to 5/6 VACC horses (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This novel WN-FV chimera vaccine generates a protective immune response to WNV infection in horses that is demonstrated 10 days after a single vaccination and lasts for up to one year. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This is the first USDA licensed equine WNV vaccine to utilise a severe challenge model that produces the same WNV disease observed under field conditions to obtain a label claim for prevention of viraemia and aid in the prevention of WNV disease and encephalitis with a duration of immunity of 12 months.     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆防治土传病害研究进展及未来发展趋势

棉隆对病原细菌、真菌、根结线虫及杂草均有较高防效,而且作为固体微颗粒剂具有使用简单、安全的特性,被广泛用于作物种植前熏蒸土壤以防治土传病虫害。施用过程中,土壤环境因素（包括土壤类型、土壤温湿度、土壤有机质及pH等）、施药方式、施药季节和施药剂量均会对棉隆的熏蒸效果产生显著影响,不正确的使用方式常会导致熏蒸效果不理想或产生药害问题。该文系统综述土壤熏蒸剂棉隆的使用概况（包括作用机制、适用作物、施用方式和施用效果等）、存在的问题及原因分析（包括施用深度、水分、温度对棉隆有效成分含量的影响及其熏蒸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响等）、解决对策（包括改善施药方式、优化土壤环境和活化熏蒸后土壤微生物等）以及未来发展趋势,以期为棉隆的高效应用提供借鉴。     

不同杀菌剂对当归主要病害的防效及经济效益比较

针对甘肃当归病害逐年加重态势, 采用田间随机区组试验, 分析比较70%噁霉灵WP?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP和80%代森锰锌WP对当归主要病害防效及经济效益, 以期筛选出最佳防控药剂?结果表明:3种杀菌剂均能不同程度防治当归病害, 其中以50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L对褐斑病?麻口病防效最佳, 分别为70.38%~78.75%?84.48%~91.04%, 70%噁霉灵WP 0.34 g/L和80%代森锰锌WP 7.92 g/L次之, 对褐斑病防效分别为59.14%~63.72%?58.14%~62.84%, 对麻口病防效分别为78.61%~83.57%?78.97%~83.57%?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L能很好地抑制当归抽薹, 抑制率达58.63%~63.15%?3种杀菌剂均能明显提高当归药材产量构成因子, 以80%代森锰锌WP 7.92 g/L处理增产增收效果最好, 两年平均增产量高达5 559.91 kg/hm2, 平均经济效益为194 136.65元/hm2, 但投入产出比最低, 为1∶480.63?50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L对当归病害防效及抽薹抑制率最高, 投入产出比为1∶634.02, 在此基础上综合考虑病害防效和经济效益, 50%氯溴异氰尿酸WP 1.86 g/L可作为生产上防控当归主要病害的主推药剂?     

湿地松优良半同胞家系蛋白质及糖类对水分胁迫的生理响应

为研究湿地松优良半同胞家系蛋白质及糖类对水分逆境的生理响应，采用盆栽试验和吸光度测定结合的方法，以湿地松普通种子为对照（CK），测定了七个湿地松半同胞家系在正常水分状态（土壤相对含水量为70%）、弱度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为55%~60%）、中度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为35%~40%）和强度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量为20%~25%）条件下的可溶性蛋白质、还原性糖、可溶性糖的含量，研究结果表明：无论是不同水分梯度还是不同家系水平，蛋白质、还原性糖、可溶性糖含量的差异均达极显著性水平。随着水分胁迫程度的加剧，各家系蛋白质含量呈先升后降的趋势，在水分胁迫初期，各家系蛋白质含量增加，水分胁迫中、后期各家系蛋白含量呈直线下降；随着水分胁迫的加剧，各家系还原性糖、可溶性糖含量呈直线上升。家系1027、101、464在水分胁迫条件下具有较高的可溶性糖含量，其抗旱性较其它家系要强，是这三个家系速生、高产的生理原因之一。     

Effects of Low- Intensity Ultrasound Treatment on Excess Sludge

In this study the influence of the low-intensity ultrasound treatment on excess sludge has been observed.The oxygen uptake rate(OUR),soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD),soluble total nitrogen(TN) and soluble total phosphorus(TP) were examined for three power levels of 0.03 W/mL, 0.05 W/mL and 0.1 W/mL as well as two time series of 0~5 min and 0~30 min.It showed that there were two stages of ultrasonic treatment: the first stage took place within the flocs in four minutes,in which SCOD,TN,TP were dissolved from flocs.In the second stage,the microbial activities have been strengthened,as well as OUR,TN,TP have increased greatly.     

Vehicle Monitoring Control and Scheduling Management System in a Scenic Area

In order to help tourists choose satisfying scenic spots, content hotels, convenient lines and convenient vehicles, vehicle monitoring control and scheduling management system in a scenic area is presented, which dispatches vehicle by appointments and the statistic of tourists at a sight spot and recommends the tour line by broadcasting in vehicle. Vehicle monitoring control and scheduling management system in a scenic area, a integrative vehicle management system, is an integration of GPS, GIS, trunked radio system, a management system of booking room and a tourist statistic system at a sight spot.     

Reuolution and Research of Green Automobile

The green is as a symbol of no pollution,no public harm and environmental protection. The green automobile is the inevitable results that the automobile technique continuously developes. A new style vehicle--the green automobile is the urgent solicit of environmental protection is developed. The automobile industry can develop continuously. This article mainly discusses the importance of the green auto_mobile's research and development,the development status in quo and prospect of the green auto_mobile technique in the world,and states the relationship between the green automobile technique and environmental protection from green technical system theoretically clarify the study of green automobile,including its design and the system,the manufacture and its technology,the energy,the rebuild engineering and a series of subjects. How to evaluate the cycle and the evaluable mark of the green automobile,the prospect of green automobile are pointed out.