激光在土地保护、农作物生长及害虫防治领域应用研究进展

由于激光具有功率高、相干性好、光谱线宽窄、光谱范围广等特点,其在土地保护、农作物生长及害虫防治等领域应用广泛.文章综合国内外激光技术在农业领域的应用情况,介绍了已经获得应用的激光诱导击穿光谱仪、激光测距仪、激光雷达系统、激光补光灯等设备在土壤检测、土地平整、激光诱变育种、植物补光和虫害防治等领域发挥的作用,对激光技术对农业领域的推动作用,特别是激光技术在吉林省农业应用方面的情况进行了展望.     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

基于核糖体DNA第二内部转录间隔区(ITS2)序列鉴定四季青及其近缘种和混伪品

中药材四季青(Ilicis Chinensis Folium)的基原植物冬青(Ilex chinensis)是重要的园林观赏物种。利用DNA条形码技术可以快速、准确鉴定四季青及其近缘种和混伪品。本研究以冬青、铁冬青(Ilex rotunda)、秤星树(Ilex asprella)、枸骨(Ilex cornuta)和女贞(Ligustrum lucium)等37份植物样本为实验材料,提取全基因组DNA,扩增核糖体DNA第二内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer 2,ITS2)序列并进行双向测序。测序结果利用Codon Code Aligner 4.2.7进行序列拼接,获得高质量ITS2序列。同时从Gen Bank中获得28条冬青的同属近缘种以及混伪品女贞、四川山矾(Symplocos setchuensis)的ITS2序列。基于隐马尔科夫模型(hidden Markov model,HMM)注释5.8S和28S,获得完整的ITS2区域,进而应用MEGA6.0(molecular evolutionary genetics analysis)进行冬青种间和种内序列分析,计算种内种间K2P(Kimura 2-parameter)遗传距离,构建邻接树(neighbor-joining tree,NJ tree)。结果表明,琼脂糖凝胶电泳得到清晰明亮的均一条带,说明利用通用的ITS2引物可以成功扩增到用于测序的PCR产物。通过PCR产物测序、数据处理和序列分析可知,冬青种内ITS2长度经过比对后为239 bp,全部样品的种间ITS2比对后长度为269 bp。冬青种内有4个变异位点以及6个单倍型,种间有143个变异位点,远远多于其种内变异位点。MEGA6.0分析结果表明,种间最小K2P遗传距离(0.094)大于种内最大K2P遗传距离(0.013)。邻接树显示,女贞和四川山矾分别以100%的自展支持率分别聚类,表现出良好的单系性,冬青属物种聚为一大支。冬青在冬青属下可以单独聚为一支,可以进行区分。冬青属其他物种以同一亚属聚为一支。研究结果表明,作为一种快速、准确、简便的分子生物学鉴定方法,ITS2可以应用于冬青及其近缘种和混伪品的鉴定,同时对于准确鉴定冬青属物种亦有巨大潜力,可为冬青属植物在临床上的用药安全和开发应用提供科学依据。     

三相异步电动机的软起动器的设计

三相异步电动机直接起动会对电网造成很大的冲击,而且大电流还会造成较大的线路压降,从而影响接在同一电网上的其它电气设备正常工作,所以本文针对大型异步电动机的软启动器进行了设计.本软起动装置将三相同步信号采集装置、电压和电流检测装置、晶闸管相位控制器、电动机的保护装置及光纤隔离装置集于一身,使大型异步电动机起动时间控制在了1min左右,缩短了对电网影响的时间,并减小了对电网的冲击;并且本软启动装置可以根据实际起动要求改变启动装置的参数,使启动状态达到最优.     

健康家兔肠道中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

本试验选用MRS、MRS+10%家兔硬粪浸出液和MRS+10%泡菜汁3种选择培养基,对健康家兔肠道的乳酸菌群分别进行需氧和厌氧培养,根据可培养细菌菌落特征、染色特性、显微镜形态观测,共分离出7株乳酸菌株,其中需氧菌2株,厌氧菌5株。结合生化试验初步鉴定,需氧菌株分别为乳酸乳球菌和短乳杆菌,厌氧菌株分别为嗜酸乳杆菌,嗜粪乳杆菌,肠乳杆菌,乳酸乳杆菌和弯曲乳杆菌。本实验为弄清健康家兔肠道的有益菌群,以便下一步制作更易于在畜禽的肠道中定植存活的复合动物微生态制剂做准备。     

城市农业公园道路的人性化设计

从农业公园和城市公园的内涵和功能着手,通过对比研究二者的区别,对城市农业公园的功能优势和特色进行阐述,揭示其特质属性,肯定城市农业公园未来的发展。针对城市农业公园的特殊性,从道路设计着手,重点研究其服务功能的表达。以城市公园设计标准为基础,将城市农业公园道路划分为主要道路、次要道路、专用道路和游憩道路4类。依据行业经验和人性化设计原则,从道路的布局、圆曲线半径、交叉点形式、道路宽度、无障碍设计、铺装、专用道路设计等方面进行人性化设计研究,以期为城市农业公园的建设和发展提供参考。     

光周期对北京油鸡雏鸡采食行为与生长性能的影响

为研究光照周期对北京油鸡雏鸡采食行为与生长性能的影响,本试验选择1日龄北京油鸡162只,随机分为三个处理(1、2、3),每处理54只,设3个重复,每个重复18只。1~3日龄均采用23L∶1D的光周期,4日龄起三个处理的光周期分别设置为8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D,自雏鸡2周龄开始试验,6~7周龄观察记录各处理目标鸡的采食行为,并记录2~7周龄生长性能。结果表明:采食频次各处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),但处理2、3比处理1呈增加趋势;采食行为的最大、最小与平均持续时间处理3显著大于处理1(P<0.05),处理1和处理2之间无显著差异(P>0.05);采食在所有观测行为中所占时间比例均表现为处理3显著大于处理1(P<0.05),3个处理分别为18.41%、21.5%和24.74%。5周龄后采食量均为处理3显著高于处理1、2(P<0.05),7周龄日增重处理3显著高于处理1、2(P<0.05),而料肉比则在第6~7周龄时处理1显著低于处理3(P<0.05),其它各周各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,北京油鸡雏鸡(7周龄前)在16L∶8D光周期下比12L∶12D、8L∶16D的采食时间长,利于雏鸡的采食量和体重的增加,但8L∶16D时的饲料利用效率比16L∶8D高。     

Dietary fiber in a low-protein diet during gestation affects nitrogen excretion in primiparous gilts,with possible influences from the gut microbiota

We investigated the effects of dietary fiber (DF) supplementation in normal or low crude protein (CP) diets on reproductive performance and nitrogen (N) utilization in primiparous gilts. In total, 77 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant gilts were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups comprised 1) equal intake of normal CP (12.82% and 0.61% total lysine), 2) low CP (LP) (10.53% and 0.61% total lysine), and 3) with or 4) without DF supplementation (cellulose, inulin, and pectin in a 34:10:1 ratio). A low-protein diet during gestation significantly reduced daily weight gain from days 91 to 110 of pregnancy (−162.5 g/d, P = 0.004). From N balance trials conducted at days 35 to 38, 65 to 68, and 95 to 98 of pregnancy, DF addition increased fecal N excretion at days 65 to 68 (+24.1%) and 95 to 98 (+13.8%) of pregnancy (P < 0.05) but reduced urinary N excretion (P < 0.05), resulting in greater N retention at each gestational stage. DF increased fecal microbial protein levels and excretion during gestation. An LP diet also reduced urinary N excretion at different gestational stages. An in vitro fermentation trial on culture media with nonprotein N urea and ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) as the only N sources revealed that microbiota derived from feces of gestating gilts fed the high DF diet exhibited a greater capacity to convert nonprotein N to microbial protein. Microbial fecal diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA sequencing, revealed significant changes from DF but not CP diets. Gilts fed an LP diet had a higher number of stillbirths (+0.83 per litter, P = 0.046) and a lower piglet birth weight (1.52 vs. 1.37 kg, P = 0.006), regardless of DF levels. Collectively, DF supplementation to gestation diets shifted N excretion from urine to feces in the form of microbial protein, suggesting that the microbiota had a putative role in controlling N utilization from DF. Additionally, a low-protein diet during gestation negatively affected the litter performance of gilts.     

宁夏回族自治区养殖粪污资源化利用现状调查与分析

畜禽粪污资源化利用,是农村生态环境保护工作的重点和难点,对于改善农村生态环境质量、提高农业绿色发展水平、促进农产品增产提质具有重要意义。本文为进一步了解宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）畜禽粪污资源化利用现状,在宁夏银川市、石嘴山市、吴忠市、中卫市、固原市5 市,对四大产业主导区畜禽养殖产业基本情况、全区及各市不同类型和规模的畜禽养殖粪污资源化利用现状及问题、不同养殖类型和规模的资源化主推技术及典型案例等情况进行了实地调研。结果表明：2020年,宁夏畜禽存栏总量2 046.0 万头（只）,其中,奶牛57.4 万头、肉牛120.7 万头、羊596.1 万只、生猪90.0 万头、家禽1 181.8 万只。畜禽粪污产生量3 025.3 万吨,全区粪污资源化利用总量为2 961.6 万吨,综合利用率达到97.9%,规模养殖场设施配套率达99.0%,该地区畜禽粪污综合利用主要途径有肥料化利用、能源化利用、清洁再生回用等。