Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

菲律宾蛤仔对镉、铜暴露的蓄积作用及其抗氧化酶系统的响应研究

研究了镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）2种重金属单一暴露下菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）肝胰腺和鳃组织内的重金属富集特征和抗氧化酶活力变化特点。结果表明,蛤仔肝胰腺与鳃对Cd、Cu的富集量随重金属浓度与暴靠时间的增加而增火,具有明显的浓度效应与时间效应;菲律宾蛤仔对Cd的富集能力高于Cu,H．肝胰腺中审盖属的蓄积量高于鳃;蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱廿肽过氧化物酶（（;Px）和谷胱竹肽硫转移酶（CST）活力在暴露的某些时段被显著诱导（P〈0．05）,似随暴露时问延长或重金属浓度增加,SODf11GST活力则被显著抑制（P〈O．05）,而CPx活力随暴露时问延K逐渐恢复至对照组水平、菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃2种组织中SOD和GST的活性变化可作为海洋Cu^2＋Cd^2＋钙染的牛物标志物．     

鲤IGF-Ⅰ基因2个高度多态微卫星位点的鉴定及其与生长相关性状的关联分析

利用PCR结合测序方法,在鲤(Cyprinus carpio)类胰岛素生长因子-Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)基因内含子1和内含子2中各鉴定1个微卫星多态性位点,分别命名为intron1189和intron2310,这两个位点均以4碱基为重复单元.以黑龙江鲤(Cyprinus cario haematopterus,YL)(n=263)、德国镜鲤选育系(Cyprinus carpio L.mirror,JL)(n=229),及荷包红鲤抗寒品系(Cyprinus carpio var.wuyuanensis,HL)(n=255)为研究对象,评估了这两个位点不同基因型(频率＞3％)与鲤4个生长时段(135 d、325 d、335 d和445 d)生长表型的关联.结果显示,2个位点在3个鲤群体中均表现为高度多态(PIC＞0.5).intron1189位点多态性主要对YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d、385 d体质量有显著影响(P＜0.05),而intron2 310位点多态性对JL各检测时段的体长和体质量均有显著影响(P＜0.05).对不同基因型个体的体长和体质量性状进行多重比较,结果显示,在intron 1189位点,185/229基因型YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d、385 d体质量最低,而205/221基因型YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d体质量最高.在mtron2310位点,290/350基因型JL在各检测时段的体长及135 d、325 d、385 d体质量最低,而318/350基因型JL的135 d、325 d、385 d体长和体质量均为最高.上述结果表明,鲤IGF-Ⅰ基因内含子中的这两个高度多态微卫星位点潜在影响鲤的生长性能.     

基于相对和绝对定量同位素标记技术分析2种成熟度桑叶对家蚕脂肪体蛋白质组的影响

本试验旨在探索家蚕体适应桑叶营养物质变动的微观机制。首先检测老、嫩2种成熟度桑叶的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、还原性糖、多糖、总黄酮、总多酚和1-脱氧野尻霉素（1-DNJ）含量,然后采用相对和绝对定量同位素标记（iTRAQ）技术分析由这2种桑叶饲喂3 d的5龄家蚕脂肪体蛋白质组表达谱,并对差异表达蛋白进行生物信息学分析。结果显示：嫩桑叶的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原性糖、总黄酮、总多酚、1-DNJ含量极显著高于老桑叶（P<0.01）。iTRAQ定量分析共鉴定到家蚕脂肪体蛋白2 172个,2组间差异表达蛋白173个。相对于摄食老桑叶的家蚕,摄食嫩桑叶的家蚕脂肪体中上调表达蛋白为85个,下调表达蛋白为88个。对其中的111个差异表达蛋白[差异表达倍数（FC）>1.25或<0.80]的功能富集分析发现,GO和KEGG通路注释到这些蛋白主要参与物质代谢、运输和贮存,应激和免疫反应,机体发育等生物学过程。差异表达蛋白互作网络分析筛选到核糖体蛋白和神经前体细胞表达发育下调蛋白8(NEDD8)的网络中心性高。综上可知,桑叶成熟度显著影响其营养物质含量,引起摄食老、嫩桑叶家蚕脂肪体蛋...     

Biochar slows gross nitrification and gasses N emission via lower autotrophic nitrification in paddy soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Laboratory incubation experiments using 15N stable isotope labeling and acetylene suppression techniques were conducted to compare the autotrophic nitrification and...     

转轮下环间隙对混流式水轮机内部流动特性的影响

水轮机转轮间隙内的泄漏涡、泄漏流等复杂的湍流易影响水轮机的性能与稳定性。为了分析下环间隙对混流式水轮机能量特性和内部流态的影响,该文基于N-S方程和SST湍流模型,考虑了0.6 Qd(Qd为设计流量工况)、0.8 Qd、Qd、1.2 Qd共4种流量工况,对5种下环间隙下的混流式水轮机模型机进行三维全流道数值计算。通过对比不同下环间隙方案对混流式水轮机效率与容积损失的影响,结合不同水轮机内部流场特征,分析下环间隙与水轮机性能的关系。计算结果表明:下环间隙由0.4 mm增大到1.3 mm,机组泄漏量增大,水轮机效率整体呈下降趋势。其中,当机组在小流量0.6 Qd工况运行时,间隙对水轮机能量特性影响最为明显,效率下降了4.1个百分点。当机组在小流量0.6 Qd与0.8 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,间隙内部流场与尾水管内部流场呈现小幅度恶化;当机组在大流量1.2 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,转轮叶片吸力面压力分布以及尾水管内部流场均得到改善。该研究可为混流式水轮机结构设计提供有效参考。     

国土空间规划引领下的我国自然保护地规划探讨

在国土空间规划改革引领的背景下,探讨自然保护地规划体系、规划路径及难点对我国自然保护地规划理论与方法、规划制度确立和完善具有重要的理论和实践意义。文中论述了国土空间规划与生态文明建设的协同推进,分析了自然保护地体系重构和“三区”划定工作中综合评价、整合、归并的研究难点,厘清了从国土“三调”到生态保护红线划定过程中的三阶段技术关键点,即编码转换和基数转换摸清本底、生态保护优先的评价技术、综合分析与三线划定;提出了我国自然保护地规划体系融入5级3类国土空间规划的路径,即应开展全国、省域自然保护地体系规划并对接融入国土空间总体规划,专项规划分国家级、省级和自然保护地单位3个级别,详细规划应包括控制性规划、设计与施工等;通过上述探讨,明晰我国自然保护地“三区”划定、生态保护红线划定的研究难点,提出自然保护地规划融入国土空间规划路径的设想。     

Secondary Metabolites from Marine Sponges of the Genus Oceanapia: Chemistry and Biological Activities

In this review, we summarized the distribution of the chemically investigated Oceanapia sponges, including the isolation and biological activities of their secondary metabolites, covering the literature from the first report in 1989 to July 2019. There have been 110 compounds reported during this period, including 59 alkaloids, 33 lipids, 14 sterols and 4 miscellaneous compounds. Besides their unique structures, they exhibited promising bioactivities ranging from insecticidal to antibacterial. Their complex structural characteristics and diverse biological properties have attracted a great deal of attention from chemists and pharmaceuticals seeking to perform their applications in the treatment of disease.     

基于不同空间插值的污染场地土壤锑修复范围预测研究

以污染场地土壤锑超标地层为研究对象,结合土壤每层锑含量的分布特点,分析和比较了克里格插值模型(OK、UK)、反距离插值(IDW)、泰森多边形(TIN)和分区预测模型(OK+TIN)对不同深度土壤锑修复范围及预测精度的差异。结果表明：各方法确定的0～1 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>OK=UK> TIN>OK+TIN,修复面积依次为74 154、57 427、37 338、32 707 m²;各方法确定的1～3.8 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>UK>TIN>OK+TIN>OK,修复面积依次为13 089、11 030、9 660、2 183、1 231 m²,克里格插值带来的平滑作用导致超标范围的遗漏和未超标区域纳入修复范围。在受成本和污染物空间分布制约的情况下,TIN方法从几何原理的角度可以较为准确地反映不同深度土壤锑的修复范围;克里格插值(包括OK+TIN方法)和反距离插值受数据分布假设的约束,平滑效应明显,估计精度受限。