嗜热链球菌产酸特性及其发酵乳中有机酸组分分析

选取实验室分离自自然发酵乳制品中的5株嗜热链球菌菌株为研究对象,进行单菌株发酵酸乳,在发酵期间和酸乳4℃贮藏504 h阶段,分别测定菌株发酵时间、滴定酸度、pH值、活菌数以及采用反相高效液相色谱法测定有机酸含量变化,研究嗜热链球菌发酵产酸特性及其酸乳贮藏期间后酸化及其有机酸组分的变化特性。结果表明：在42℃发酵期间,5株菌在发酵2h后pH值迅速下降,达到发酵终点时间在5～9h,发酵时间最短的是菌株IMAU10632和IMAU20772。在4℃贮藏504h期间,5株菌的pH值下降幅度在0.5左右,最终pH值稳定在4.2左右,产酸速度均较缓慢,均表现出嗜热链球菌后酸化能力弱的特点,且酸度值均在90oT以下。初步筛选出一株菌株IMAU10632,凝乳时间短、产酸速率快、后酸化能力较弱,在4℃贮藏期间活菌数维持在108CFU/mL以上。     

Induced resistance in host mixtures and its effect on disease control in computer-simulated epidemics

The epidemic simulator EPIMUL was modified and used to study how induced resistance affected the development of epidemics in host mixtures. In the model, induced resistance resulted from the interaction of host tissue with avirulent spores and caused a reduction in the efficacy of virulent spores deposited afterwards. We denned three parameters to describe induced resistance: the level of protection, defined as the magnitude of reduction in the virulent spore efficacy for infecting host tissue; the host surface area protected by an interaction with one avirulent spore; and the duration of protection of the host tissue, in days. In our simulations, induced resistance slowed the epidemics and gave better disease control in the mixtures, even if protection lasted for only 2 days. The disease reduction in the mixture attributable to induced resistance was approximately proportional to the level of protection. The effect of induced resistance increased as the protected area increased. Epidemics were virtually unaffected by induced resistance restricted to the infection site, but the effect of induced resistance initially increased rapidly as larger areas were protected. There was little further gain as the protected area increased from 2·6% to 26%. The influence of induced resistance was reduced when the interactions between virulent and avirulent pathogens were reduced.     

Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction

The repeated association during the late Neoproterozoic Era of large carbon-isotopic excursions, continental glaciation, and stratigraphically anomalous carbonate precipitation provides a framework for interpreting the reprise of these conditions on the Late Permian Earth. A paleoceanographic model that was developed to explain these stratigraphically linked phenomena suggests that the overturn of anoxic deep oceans during the Late Permian introduced high concentrations of carbon dioxide into surficial environments. The predicted physiological and climatic consequences for marine and terrestrial organisms are in good accord with the observed timing and selectivity of Late Permian mass extinction.     

我国野生披碱草属牧草居群的穗部形态多样性研究

对采集自我国12个不同分布区的105个野生披碱草属(Elymus)牧草居群的14项穗部形态指标进行研究,结果表明,我国披碱草属牧草种质资源穗部遗传多样性丰富,居群内多样性指数(H′)在0.784～1.652,平均多样性指数为1.396;居群总平均多样性指数为1.936,居群间表型分化系数为27.89%。14项穗部形态性状在居群内多样性、居群总多样性以及变异系数变化不完全一致,居群内H′最高的为旗叶与穗基部长度(1.648),居群总H′最高的为小穗长(2.054),变异系数最大的为第一颖芒长(58.932%),平均变异系数为31.22%,表明穗部形态性状均存在较大的变异,F检验差异极显著。引起居群形态差异的性状与种子产量密切相关,主要包括穗长、穗宽、第一颖芒长、第一外稃长、第一内稃长、第一外稃芒长、每穗轴小花数、第一颖长和第一颖宽。我国野生披碱草属牧草的多样性和分布格局是相关的,我国西北部是野生披碱草属牧草分布中心,也是披碱草属牧草的多样性中心。此外,提出了我国披碱草属牧草保护的策略。     

不同含水率对四倍体刺槐抗弯强度及弹性模量的影响

为研究四倍体刺槐在弯曲负荷作用下破裂或折弯的变化规律,用数理统计的方法在万能力学试验机上对不同含水率的四倍体刺槐枝条的弯曲力学特性进行了研究。结果表明,4种含水率水平下,四倍体刺槐在弯曲载荷作用下的抗弯强度为54.12～94.42 MPa、弹性模量为4.81～9.30GPa。四倍体刺槐枝条的最大载荷在各个含水率水平下均随枝条直径的增大呈线性提高。四倍体刺槐的抗弯强度及弹性模量与含水率水平成一元线性相关关系,随含水率水平的降低四倍体刺槐的抗弯强度及弹性模量呈线性增大。     

Hemoxygenase-2 is an oxygen sensor for a calcium-sensitive potassium channel

Modulation of calcium-sensitive potassium (BK) channels by oxygen is important in several mammalian tissues, and in the carotid body it is crucial to respiratory control. However, the identity of the oxygen sensor remains unknown. We demonstrate that hemoxygenase-2 (HO-2) is part of the BK channel complex and enhances channel activity in normoxia. Knockdown of HO-2 expression reduced channel activity, and carbon monoxide, a product of HO-2 activity, rescued this loss of function. Inhibition of BK channels by hypoxia was dependent on HO-2 expression and was augmented by HO-2 stimulation. Furthermore, carotid body cells demonstrated HO-2-dependent hypoxic BK channel inhibition, which indicates that HO-2 is an oxygen sensor that controls channel activity during oxygen deprivation.     

Screening of 170 Peruvian plant species for allelopathic activity by using the Sandwich Method

Peru is one of the 20 botanically extremely diverse countries in the world, with >17 000 flowering plants, of which 30% are endemic. So far, no systematic research has been conducted on the screening of the allelopathic plants. In this study, the allelopathic activity of 170 species from 61 families of Peruvian plants that were collected from the three main regions of Peru – the Costa (Pacific coastline), the Sierra (Andean mountains), and the Selva (Amazonian rainforest) – was evaluated. The allelopathic activity was determined by the Sandwich Method, which can evaluate the activity of leaf leachates. The species that were found to be highly inhibitory in this screening, under the criterion of >90% inhibition of the radicle of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings, were Aristeguietia ballii and Diplostephium foliosissimum (Asteraceae) and Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). All of these species are native plants from Peru. This study gives a strong clue regarding the potential of isolating potent allelochemicals from these plants in the future.