Evolutionary rate in the protein interaction network

High-throughput screens have begun to reveal the protein interaction network that underpins most cellular functions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. How the organization of this network affects the evolution of the proteins that compose it is a fundamental question in molecular evolution. We show that the connectivity of well-conserved proteins in the network is negatively correlated with their rate of evolution. Proteins with more interactors evolve more slowly not because they are more important to the organism, but because a greater proportion of the protein is directly involved in its function. At sites important for interaction between proteins, evolutionary changes may occur largely by coevolution, in which substitutions in one protein result in selection pressure for reciprocal changes in interacting partners. We confirm one predicted outcome of this process-namely, that interacting proteins evolve at similar rates.     

短尾鮠精子细胞和精子的超微结构研究

用透射电镜观察了短尾鮠精子细胞和精子的形态以及细胞核、拟染色体和线粒体等的结构变化规律。结果表明,随着精子细胞的发育,核质凝聚程度逐渐增强。精子细胞时期细胞器较丰富,到精子细胞后期,细胞器的形态和数量发生了较大变化。短尾鮠的精子具有椭圆的头部和复杂的中片;近侧中心粒和远侧中心粒靠近核的中央;鞭毛呈9+2轴丝结构,并具有由外膜折迭形成的波浪形的鳍状结构。     

The relationship between tail biting in pigs, docking procedure and other management practices

The tail length (docked, tipped or undocked) and tail status (bitten or unbitten) of 27,870 pigs from 450 units was recorded at six UK abattoirs. A farm survey of the final finishing stage was used to investigate the relationship between management practice and tail biting. This showed that docking was the most important factor influencing the probability of being not bitten, with 2.4% of docked and 8.5% of long-tailed pigs being tail-bitten. The following factors reduced the probability of long-tailed pigs being tail-bitten; light straw provision, use of natural ventilation or artificially controlled natural ventilation (ACNV), mixed sex grouping, meal or liquid feeding, and use of double or multi-space feeders. Docked and long-tailed pigs provided with light straw and natural ventilation/ACNV had levels of tail biting of 1.2% and 4.3% respectively; 3.9% of docked pigs with artificial ventilation and no straw were tail-bitten. Long-tailed pigs fed via double or multi-space feeders also had 3.9% of tails bitten.     

Measurement of canine IgE using the alpha chain of the human high affinity IgE receptor

In vitro assays for allergen specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) are a convenient and reproducible alternative to intradermal skin testing in dogs. Such tests may be used to support a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and to define appropriate allergens for immunotherapy. Current in vitro assays rely upon monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies as IgE detection reagents. However, in sera where allergen-specific IgG occurs in great excess, any IgE:IgG cross-reactivity of the detection reagent may result in lowered assay specificity. Therefore, we have developed an assay for canine IgE which uses a recombinant form of the extracellular part of the alpha chain of the human high affinity IgE receptor (FcvarepsilonRIalpha). Biotinylated FcvarepsilonRIalpha shows no significant binding to purified canine IgG, and recognizes a heat labile antibody in serum, with a detection limit of 73-146pg/ml. Comparison of assay signals using the labeled FcvarepsilonRIalpha and a highly specific anti-canine IgE monoclonal antibody (MAb) shows good agreement. The FcvarepsilonRIalpha is therefore a sensitive and specific alternative to polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies for canine serum IgE measurement.     

甘肃省农业种质资源库建设现状及发展建议

为加强甘肃珍稀、濒危、特色地方品种和特有资源的保存,确保保存种质的遗传完整性,提高种质利用效率,对2018年甘肃省建设的7家特色农业种质资源库的功能定位、研究方向和保存情况进行了调研,分析了目前种质资源库在建设运行中存在的主要问题,从增强地方优异种质资源保护意识、加强种质资源深度评价与创新、加强合作与交流、加强人才队伍建设等方面提出了种质资源保护和利用的建议。     

云冷杉过伐林主要树种结构特征分析

选择长白山针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的云冷杉过伐混交林,探讨直径结构、空间格局、蓄积生长、林下更新以及植物多样性等林分结构问题,为恢复红松为主的针阔混交林,提出结构调整思路。研究表明:由于过去以不合理的非经营性采伐,红松成主要择伐对象,红松不同年份各径阶株数变化幅度较大,直径18 cm开始出现缺损株数现象,缺乏中、大径组株数,导致母树数量、结实量和种源减少,造成在主要树种中红松更新最差的问题,不利于林分正向演替。不同针阔比混交林空间格局与其主要树种空间格局并非完全一致,在同一林分不同树种间存在差异。针阔比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3的混交林空间格局分别为随机分布、聚集分布和均匀分布。其中,红松分布格局主要呈聚集分布。因此,恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林,以红松和珍贵阔叶树种作为目标树种,采取目标树培育方法,伐除影响其更新和生长的林木,而将云冷杉和一般阔叶树作为伴生树种,逐渐减少云冷杉的优势,最终逐渐恢复成红松阔叶混交林;对针阔比8∶2和7∶3混交林红松分布格局,采取人工补植、间伐等措施,结合天然更新,向随机分布进行调整;采取人工补植、清理母树周围枯枝落叶层等措施人工辅助红松天然更新。     

牛BMP-15基因cDNA的克隆和序列分析

BMP-15基因主要在哺乳动物卵巢中表达,对卵泡的发育和分化起重要作用,克隆了牛BMP-15成熟肽编码区的cDNA序列并进行序列分析,旨在为BMP-15在牛繁殖性能方面的进一步研究奠定理论基础。根据其他物种BMP-15基因的保守序列设计特异性引物,扩增牛的cDNA序列。从牛卵巢中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术扩增出牛BMP-15cDNA序列。将此片段克隆到PMD18-T载体中,经菌落PCR鉴定和DNA序列测定分析验证,证实所克隆序列BMP-15为骨形态发生蛋白,符合骨形态发生蛋白基因的特征。序列分析表明,该cDNA包含有1 185 bp组成的开放读码框(ORF),该ORF编码394个氨基酸,与绵羊、猪、人、小鼠等动物氨基酸序列比对发现同源性分别为98.5%,87.6%,74.0%,69.4%。     

母鼠妊娠期铅镉联合暴露对新生鼠大脑bcl-2,Bax和c-fos mRNA表达的影响及NAC保护效应

 【目的】研究母鼠妊娠期铅镉联合暴露对新生鼠大脑bcl-2、Bax、c-fos mRNA表达的影响及N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-Acetylcysteine, NAC）的保护作用。【方法】35只怀孕SD母鼠被随机分为7组,即A组为对照组（饮用蒸馏水）、B组为铅组（300 mg?L-1）、C组为铅+NAC组（300 mg?L-1 +20 mmol?L-1）、D组为镉组（10 mg?L-1）、E组为镉+NAC组（10 mg?L-1+20 mmol?L-1）、F组为铅+镉组（300 mg?L-1+10 mg?L-1）、G组为铅+镉+NAC组（300 mg+10 mg?L-1+20 mmol?L-1）。采用饮水染毒,染毒时间为21d,分娩后应用实时荧光定量PCR检测新生鼠大脑bcl-2、Bax、c-fos mRNA的相对表达。【结果】与对照组比较,各染毒组bcl-2 mRNA表达降低,除B组外,D组、F组均差异显著（P＜0.05）,Bax、c-fos mRNA表达显著升高（P＜0.05）,其中以F组作用最为明显;NAC拮抗组与相应染毒组比较,除C组bcl-2 mRNA表达与B组无显著性差异外（P﹥0.05）,其余各组差异显著（P＜0.05）;Bax、c-fos mRNA表达均显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】铅镉联合表现协同毒性效应,NAC对铅、镉致新生鼠大脑凋亡基因表达异常引起的脑细胞凋亡具有明显的保护作用。