Effect of storage temperatures and duration on quality of prepared chicken breast with paprika oleoresin

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of storage temperatures and time on discoloration and oxidation of prepared chicken breast with paprika oleoresin. Freshly prepared chicken breast containing paprika oleoresin was stored at ?2, ?10, ?18°C, and an oscillating temperature between ?10 and ?18°C (?10/?18°C). A significant decrease in redness was detected at ?2, ?10, and ?10/?18°C. The lowest TBARS values and carbonyl contents were observed in the samples stored at ?18°C for 5 weeks. Also, the values of sulfhydryl groups gradually decreased with the increase in storage temperatures and duration. The results suggest a positive correlation between the loss of redness and oxidation in all samples. The findings indicated that the discoloration and oxidation of prepared chicken breast added with paprika oleoresin were inhibited significantly when stored at ?18°C.     

城市流浪犬猫的成因、危害与对策

根据城市流浪犬猫的成因与危害,提出慎养、绝育、收容收养、捕捉一绝育一放归等控制流浪犬猫数量的方法。解决流浪犬猫问题的关键在于从源头上减少流浪犬猫的数量,为此,科学地传播爱护动物与尊重生命的意义是极为重要的。     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in pigs in Chongqing, China

From 2007 to 2009, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was investigated in intensive and extensive pig farms in Chongqing, China. A total of 2971 samples from both sexes and five age categories (breeding boars, breeding sows, fatteners, growers and weaners) were evaluated by standard methods for the presence of helminth ova and protozoan oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites. Of the 2971 pigs sampled, 362(12.18%) were infected with Ascaris suum, 301(10.13%) with Trichuris suis, 301(10.13%) with Oesophagostomum spp., 491(16.53%) with Eimeria spp., 149(5.02%) with Isopora suis, 677(22.79%) with Balantidium coli and 196(6.60%) with Cryptosporidium spp. Growers had the highest infection rate while breeding boars had the lowest among the five age categories. B. coli was the most common protozoan in all pig age groups. Pigs infected with multiple parasites were common. Risk factors such as management methods, seasons, ages, etc. can influence the infection rate to a certain degree. This investigation provides relevant data about risk factors for pig farmers, thus allowing them to make more appropriate antiparasitic treatments according to farm conditions and local climate in Chongqing.     

Immunoadjuvant activities of a recombinant chicken IL-12 in chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus recombinant HN protein

Recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV/HN) expressing Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN gene and rFPV/HN/chIL-12 co-expressing chicken IL-12 (chIL-12) and HN (rHN/chIL-12) genes have been characterized. rHN/chIL-12 or rchIL-12, expressed by our previous construct rFPV/chIL-12, co-administered with rHN was assessed for adjuvant activities of chIL-12. Chickens were vaccinated with various amounts of rHN/chIL-12 mixed with mineral oil (MO), intramuscularly. Levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody production depended on the concentration of the injected rHN or rHN/chIL-12. The lower HI antibody titers were obtained in chicken groups rHN/chIL-12/7-rHN/chIL-12/9, receiving 60ng rHN/8ng chIL-12 with MO, 30ng rHN/4ng chIL-12 with MO or 15ng rHN/2ng chIL-12 with MO, respectively, compared to those in chicken groups rHN/7-rHN/9, receiving rHN with MO alone. However, chickens in group rHN/chIL-12/7 or rHN/chIL-12/8 and rHN with MO alone showed the same effective protection. Chicken group rHN/chIL-12/9 was even more protective than that in group rHN/9. When rchIL-12 was co-injected with 15ng rHN plus MO, chickens produced low levels of HI antibody titers; while higher levels of IFN-γ production and an effective protection rate (83%) were obtained. On the other hand, low levels of IFN-γ production and low protection response (50%) were obtained in chickens injected with rHN with MO alone. Taken together, when the concentration of rHN decreased to certain levels, rchIL-12 reduced HI antibody production. The increase in the induction of IFN-γ production might suggest the enhancement of the cell-mediated immunity which conferred the protection from the NDV challenge.     

Comparison of morphology, viability, and function between blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats

The morphological features of blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats were compared using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry in order to investigate the cytological changes of neutrophils after migration into the mammary gland. The kinetics of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and gelatinase release of blood and milk neutrophils, with or without stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate ester (PMA), were used to characterize their responses to inflammatory stimuli. Neutrophils isolated from goat milk were highly segmented and contained multi-lobed nuclei. Ultrastructurally, milk neutrophils were more ruffled on the surface compared to blood neutrophils. Approximately 30% of milk neutrophils were undergoing cell death, either necrosis or apoptosis, in contrast to 8% of blood neutrophils. The ROI production of activated milk neutrophils peaked earlier than blood neutrophils, but the duration and the intensity were much less. Neutrophils from both sources augmented the release of gelatinase in response to PMA (1 ng/mL). However, the amount of gelatinase released from milk neutrophils was lower (P < 0.05) than that of blood neutrophils. In summary, more neutrophils become apoptotic and necrotic in the mammary gland, presumably due to spontaneous aging, the process of diapedesis, and the interaction with milk components. Milk neutrophils have impaired functionalities in comparison with blood neutrophils. The information is relevant when studying mammary gland immunity and related diseases, such as mastitis.     

金钱豹消化试验

为探讨金钱豹对含植物性成分的混合日粮的消化情况,采用市售某品牌罐装犬粮(简称罐头组)饲喂7只金钱豹,测定其主要营养成分的表观消化率,同时设牛肉和瘦猪肉组成的纯肉日粮(简称纯肉组)作为对照。结果表明,纯肉组干物质、粗蛋白、脂肪、能量等主要营养成分的表观消化率分别为：(97．37±0．69)％、(98 98±0．32)％、(97．78±0．47)％、(98．30±0 43)％,罐头组干物质、粗蛋白、脂肪、能量等主要营养成分的表观消化率分别为：(74．49±4．18)％、(85．74±1．50)％、(90．45±5．02)％、(94．92±3．27)％。其中干物质和蛋白质的表观消化率组问呈极显著差异(P＜0．01),脂肪的表观消化率组间达显著差异(P＜0．05),而能量的表观消化率组间差异不显著(P＞0．05)。     

Clinicopathology of gout in growing layers induced by high calcium and high protein diets

1. An experiment was conducted to test the independent and combined effects of high dietary calcium and protein concentrations on the induction of visceral gout in growing birds of a layer strain. 2. One hundred and sixty healthy birds were randomly divided into 4 groups at 35 d of age. The different groups were given 4 diets containing normal or high concentrations of dietary calcium or crude protein in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment for 30 d. The diets contained normal calcium (Ca) and crude protein (CP) (NCNP, 8.5 g Ca/kg and 175g CP/kg), high calcium and normal protein (HC, 36.3 g Ca/kg and 175 g CP/kg), normal calcium and high protein (HP, 8.8 g Ca/kg and 245 g CP/kg) or high calcium and high protein (HCHP, 36.8 g Ca/kg and 242 g CP/kg), respectively. 3. Typical visceral gout was induced by the HCHP diet. The HCHP and HC diet caused severe kidney damage. The HP diet did not cause kidney damage, but significantly increased plasma uric acid and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. 4. The HC diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium, but significantly decreased plasma inorganic phosphorus, potassium and magnesium concentrations. The HCHP diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium. 5. Urine volumes were significantly higher on the HCHP and HC diets than on the control. The growers raised on HC and HCHP diets had significantly higher total quantity of 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and potassium and a significantly lower 24 h urinary excretion of sodium. The growers fed on the HP diet had a higher 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid and inorganic phosphorus than the control. 6. It is concluded that growing layer birds should not be fed on layer rations.     

生物法处理养殖污水中氨氮的研究进展

综述近几年生物方法处理养殖污水中氨氮的研究进展及实际应用,并对大规模处理养殖污水方面提出了一些思考和展望,期望在今后的研究工作中能够探索出高效率、低成本、无二次污染的生物方法处理养殖污水中的氨氮.     

Immunomodulatory effects of β-glucans on porcine alveolar macrophages and bone marrow haematopoietic cell-derived dendritic cells

The immunopharmacological activities of β-glucans with a backbone of β-1,3/β-1,6-linkages associated with anti-tumor, anti-viral, bacterial and fungal infections have been well documented. Dectin-1, a specific pattern recognition receptor for β-1,3/β-1,6-glucans, is expressed mainly on phagocytes, especially macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, the encoding nucleotide for the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of porcine dectin-1 was sequenced for the first time, and the immunomodulatory functions of a synthetic particulate β-glucan (p-β-glucan) were examined. Results showed that p-β-glucan significantly enhanced cell activity and phagocytosis in porcine alveolar macrophages (AMs), immature DCs (imDCs) and mature DCs (mDCs), in a similar way to zymosan. Zymosan enhanced dectin-1/TLR2/TLR4 expression and TNF-α/IL-10 production in all of three types of cell, whereas p-β-glucan increased dectin-1/TLR4 and TNF-α/IL-12 production in AMs but inhibited IL-10 in mDCs. These results indicate that the complex collaborating interactions between dectin-1 and TLRs in the recognition of β-1,3/β-1,6-glucans with different structural features may direct different cellular responses.