Comparison of effects of high-pressure processing and heat treatment on immunoactivity of bovine milk immunoglobulin G in enriched soymilk under equivalent microbial inactivation levels

Immunoglobulin-rich foods may provide health benefits to consumers. To extend the refrigerated shelf life of functional foods enriched with bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG), nonthermal alternatives such as high-pressure processing (HPP) may offer advantages to thermal processing for microbial reduction. To evaluate the effects of HPP on the immunoactivity of bovine IgG, a soymilk product enriched with milk protein concentrates, derived from dairy cows that were hyperimmunized with 26 human pathogens, was subjected to HPP or heat treatment. To achieve a 5 log reduction in inoculated Escherichia coli 8739, the HPP or heat treatment requirements were 345 MPa for 4 min at 30 degrees C or for 20 s at 70 degrees C, respectively. To achieve a 5 log reduction in natural flora in the enriched soymilk, the HPP or heat treatments needed were 552 MPa for 4 min at 30 degrees C or for 120 s at 78.2 degrees C, respectively. At equivalent levels for a 5 log reduction in E. coli, HPP and heat treatment caused 25% and no detectable loss in bovine IgG activity, respectively. However, at equivalent levels for a 5 log reduction in natural flora, HPP and heat resulted in 65 and 85% loss of bovine IgG activity, respectively. Results of combined pressure-thermal kinetic studies of bovine milk IgG activity were provided to determine the optimal process conditions to preserve product function.     

不同提取方法山苍子油的化学成分与抗氧化活性分析

【目的】比较不同提取方法对山苍子油提取效率与抗氧化活性的影响,通过 GC-MS分析,研究山苍子油成分构成与抗氧化活性的内在关联,分析山苍子油抗氧化活性的主要物质基础。【方法】采用液液萃取(分别加以超声波与磁化辅助处理)、二氧化碳超临界萃取以及水蒸气蒸馏法提取山苍子油,DPPH 法比较不同提取方式对山苍子油抗氧化活力的影响,GC-MS分析山苍子油的主要成分,并以1,4－二溴苯为内标,采用面积归化法解析主要成分的相对含量。【结果】山苍子油具有显著的抗氧化活性。液液萃取法的提取效率与山苍子油抗氧化活性最高,超声波辅助处理油得率最高,为26.3%,磁化辅助处理抗氧化活性最优,达到31.22 mg·mL －1( IC50),二氧化碳超临界萃取法次之,抗氧化活性为56.95 mg·mL －1( IC50),水蒸气蒸馏法抗氧化活性最弱,为64.95 mg·mL －1( IC50); GC-MS分析检测出122种以上的化合物,包括12种脂肪酸,16种萜烯,18种含氧萜烯以及其他微量化合物包括烯烃、醇、酮类与烷烃等。GC-MS分析结果表明：山苍子干果主要成分为饱和脂肪酸(月桂酸等)、不饱和脂肪酸(9,12－十八碳二烯酸、9－十八碳烯酸等)以及α蒎烯、β蒎烯、柠檬烯等萜烯、氧化萜烯类物质。液液萃取法得到的山苍子油脂肪酸含量(53.51%～66.61%)明显高于二氧化碳超临界萃取(17.64%)与水蒸气蒸馏法(8.1%),而二氧化碳超临界萃取与水蒸气蒸馏法得到的萜烯、氧化萜烯类含量分别达到29.37%和17.69%,明显高于液液萃取法(6.49%～9.75%)。【结论】磁化辅助处理有利于抗氧化活性物质的提取,且不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高;超声波辅助处理可以提升油的得率;水蒸气蒸馏法和超临界流体萃取法更有利于萜烯类化合物的获取;联系到水蒸气蒸馏法得到的山苍子油富含萜烯化合物却显示较低的抗氧化活性(64.95 mg·mL －1 ),色谱级的柠檬醛抗氧化活性最低(74.33 mg·mL －1),因此推测脂肪酸成分(特别是不饱和脂肪酸)是山苍子油抗氧化活性的主要物质基础。     

Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Parasiten im Kampf gegen schädliche Insekten

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Changes in thyroid hormone levels in eggs and larvae and in iodide uptake by eggs of coho and chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus kisutsch andO. tschawytscha

Developmental profiles of thyroxin (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and radioactive iodide uptake were established for eggs and T₄ and T₃ profiles were established for larvae (whole-body, yolk-only and body-only) of coho and chinook salmon. T₄ and T₃ were consistently present in all samples. In eggs, hormone levels remained fairly constant in all cohorst for at least the first three weeks of incubation, but then fluctuated in both directions in some sample groups. Large increases in T₄ (from 9 ng/g to 245 ng/g) were seen in 1985 chinook eggs 28 days after fertilization. Radioactive iodide uptake (which was used as a possible indicator of thyroxinogenesis) increased at least 10-fold in both 1986 coho and chinook eggs from 23–30 days after fertilization. T₄ (62 ng/g) and T₃ (393 ng/g) were found in the bodies of 28-day-old 1986 chinook embryos. In whole larvae, hormone levels varied depending upon the cohort studied. In general, initial body-only concentrations of both T₄ and T₃ decreased as body weight increased, but before yolksac resorption was completed, both thyroid hormone content and concentration increased (except for chinook T₃). T₄ and T₃ content in larval yolk stayed constant as yolksac size decreased, resulting in increased thyroid hormone concentration in the yolksac. All of these data suggest that the initial source of thyroid hormones in coho and chinook salmon eggs is maternal, but that by approximately 3–4 weeks after fertilization, the developing embryos begin to produce their own thyroid hormones. After hatching, increases in tissue T₄ and T₃ concentration coupled with constant T₄ and T₃ content in diminishing yolksacs suggest that larvae also produce their own thyroid hormones; yolksac content then may reflect both the original maternal hormones and the larva-producted hormones.     

Effects of cover crop quality and quantity on nematode-based soil food webs and nutrient cycling

Soil food webs cycle nutrients and regulate parasites and pathogens, services essential for both agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. Nematodes provide useful indicators of soil food web dynamics. This study was conducted to determine if nematode soil food web indicators and crop yield can be enhanced by combinations of cover crops in a conservation tillage system. The effects of three cover crop treatments (vetch/pea, oat/wheat and oat/wheat/pea/vetch) with low, medium and high C:N and a bare fallow control were investigated in Davis, CA. Nematode fauna, soil properties and plant productivity were measured. Soil food web indices, including the Enrichment Index (EI), Structure Index (SI), Basal Index (BI), and Channel Index (CI), based on the composition of nematode assemblages, were calculated to infer soil food web condition. Cover cropped tomato/corn rotations had twice the number of enrichment opportunist bacterial feeding nematodes, active participants in nitrogen mineralization, than fallowed tomato/corn rotations (opportunist bacterial feeders = 163 versus 98). In winter fallowed plots food webs were basal, common in disturbed, nutrient-poor conditions (BI = 37). Total number of enrichment opportunist nematodes, soil NH₄-N levels, and inferred nitrogen mineralization, were higher in cover crop treatments with low to mid C:N ratios. Omnivore and predator nematodes were scarce, averaging less than 6 nematodes 100 g^?1 in all treatments. In year one, plant productivity was highest after fallow. In contrast, in year two productivity was highest after cover crops with high nitrogen content and productivity significantly correlated with the structure of the soil fauna. Monitoring the abundance of enrichment opportunists may provide managers with a new tool to evaluate soil food web nitrogen mineralization and plant productivity.