茶树钾营养特性的研究

本文对我国主要茶区茶园土壤的含钾状况，茶树品种和土壤水分对茶树吸收钾的影响和茶园施肥钾肥的增产效果进行了系统研究。结果表明，我国有近６０％的茶园土壤处于罐钾状态，这已成为限制茶叶高产优质的主要障碍因子之一。不同品种茶树对钾的吸收具有明显差异，它们对钻的最大速率Ｖｍａｘ为龙井４３＞碧云＞苹云＞碧峰＞菊花春，米氏亲和常数Ｋｍ为碧峰＞碧云＞龙井４３＞苹云＞菊花春。干旱处理的茶树体内累积的钾和叶片的含钾量     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The bioremediation of metolachlor in soil using Rhodospirillum rubrum after wastewater treatment

Purpose

Reliable and effective techniques for removing contaminants from soil are highly desirable. However, metolachlor residue bioremediation and soil fertility improvement by Rhodospirillum rubrum (R. rubrum) in effluent after wastewater treatment have not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were to investigate the feasibility of bioremediation of metolachlor residues in soil and soil fertility improvement by R. rubrum in effluent and to explain the mechanism that R. rubrum in effluent was induced to express the regulatory gene.

Materials and methods

Soybean processing wastewater was obtained from Harbin Soybean Products Machining Factory. Soil samples were the surface soil (0–30 cm) from campus (1.77 g/kg total N, 4.15 g/kg total P, 1.58 g/kg total K, 17 g/kg SOM, 0.07 g/kg SMBC). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase regulatory gene, MAPKKKs gene, was measured by RT-PCR.

Results and discussion

Compared to control treatment, metolachlor was removed efficiently and soil fertility was remediated by effluent containing R. rubrum. The removal in concentrations reached 2.97 mg/L (99%). Soil organic matter (SOM) and SMBC were enhanced 42 times. Molecular analysis revealed that metolachlor induced cpm gene expression to synthesize cytochrome P450 monooxygenase through activating MAPKKKs gene in MAPK signal transduction pathway.

Conclusions

Bioremediation of metolachlor in soil and improvement of soil fertility using R. rubrum in effluent were feasible. Metolachlor, as environmental pressure, induced cpm gene expression to synthesize cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and to remove metolachlor through activating MAPKKKs, MAPKKs, MAPKs genes in MAPK signal transduction pathway.

     

额济纳河干流及下游支流密集区地下水位控制深度

为探讨额济纳沿河及支流密集区生态水位,运用GPS、RS和GIS技术,结合地面定位点观测,对不同植物群落与地下水位间的关系进行研究。东西两河的干流段及西河下游沿河采用单点法分析;东河下游的支流密集区采用地下水位等埋深与植物群落覆盖图叠置法分析。结果表明,河段不同地下水埋深不同,东西河干流段的沿河地下水位埋深为2.14～2.27 m,水位变幅为0.61～1.14 m;西河下游沿河地下水埋深2.52～3.88 m,变幅0.90～1.09 m;安都草原北端地下水埋深2.48～3.39 m,变幅0.26～0.33 m。东河下游支流密集区的植物群落不同,相应的地下水位埋深不同,胡杨群落的地下水埋深＜3 m,水位变幅0.51～1.41 m;柽柳群落的埋深3.0～6.0 m,变幅0.85～1.94 m;杂草地的埋深＜3 m,变幅1.41～2.46 m。研究成果可用于指导新建额济纳生态灌区地表水的配水管理。     

Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Stress and Endogenous Hormones in Iron-Efficient versus Inefficient Apple Genotypes

In solution culture at different iron (Fe) concentrations, both contents of endogenous hormones or the IAA oxidase activities in the roots and the diffusive IAA contents in the stem apex were analyzed for Malus xiaojinensis (an Fe-efficient apple genotype) or M. baccata (an Fe-inefficient apple genotype). The results showed that higher amounts of IAA in M. xiaojinensis were transported from the stem apex into roots under Fe deficiency stress, which resulted in a great enhancement of the root IAA content, being 4–5 times higher at Fe deficiency than at a normal Fe level. Root IAA content of M. baccata did not show any obvious change at both deficiency and normal level of Fe. When the appearance of leaf chlorosis was used as the test point by the time, there was no remarked difference in fluctuation of the root GA₃ or ABA contents between M. xiaojinensis and M. baccata, although the developing trends of the root GA₃ or ABA contents were slightly lagging for M. xiaojinensis. The results obtained in this experiment suggested that IAA might be a signal factor of inducing Fe deficiency response in plant of genus Malus.     

Influence of paclobutrazol on photosynthesis rate and dry matter partitioning in the apple tree

Four‐year‐old ‘Aki Fuji’ apple trees in their second leaf of fruiting were used to study the influence of paclobutrazol on photosynthesis rate (Pn) and the partitioning of dry matter in the different parts of the tree. It was found that the Pn of paclobutrazol‐treated trees was significantly higher than the untreated check trees. This is partially accounted for by the higher light intensity in the canopy of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees. Production efficiency of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees was 2.6 times higher than that of the untreated check trees. Paclobutrazol significantly changed the partitioning pattern of dry matter in the different parts of the tree. A much higher percentage of total dry matter was distributed to the fruit. However, a higher percentage of dry matter was found in the root of the paclobutrazol‐treated trees than in the untreated trees, the difference being mainly in the lateral and fibrous roots. Total dry matter accumulated per m² of occupied land of the paclobutrazol‐treated tree was 4% greater than that of the untreated check trees, whereas total dry matter accumulated per kg of leaves was essentially the same in both trees. Whether calculated on the basis of per m² of occupied land or per kg of leaves, the dry matter distributed into the fruit and into the root was considerably greater in the paclobutrazol‐treated trees than the untreated trees.     

沼渣与畜禽粪便混合堆肥发酵效果的综合评价

采用正交试验设计方法实施了4组不同物料配比（以干质量计）沼渣与畜禽粪便混合物料堆肥试验,并采用模糊综合评价、灰色关联分析和属性识别法对其发酵效果进行了评价,为沼渣的肥料化利用提供参考。结果表明：T3（沼渣∶猪粪∶鸡粪=5.85∶8.49∶8.19）升温速率最快、高温维持时间最长,所达温度最高,T2（5.85∶7.425∶6.825）次之,T1（7.02∶7.425∶8.19）、T4（7.02∶8.49∶6.825）最差;从pH值、有机质、C/N、NH4＋-N、NH4＋-N/NO3－-N和总养分等化学指标看,T2、T3发酵效果优于T1、T4;堆肥结束后,T1、T2、T3、T4粪大肠菌值分别为1、10-1、10-2、1,发芽指数GI分别为96.72%、103.35%、98.42%、85.13%。上述3种评价方法对T1、T2、T3发酵效果评价一致：较好腐熟,但对T4评价结果分别为较好、基本和极未腐熟。综上所述,由单一指标或单一评价方法评判堆肥腐熟度有局限性。对堆肥发酵效果的评价应综合考虑物理、化学和生物学指标,对比3种评价方法原理,灰色关联分析法是评价堆肥发酵效果的较优方法。     

Spatial variability of soil organic carbon in a catchment of the Loess Plateau

Abstract

The issue of soil organic carbon (SOC) is of increasing concern. Because SOC, as an important soil component in farming systems, is essential for improving soil quality, sustaining food production and quality, and maintaining water quality and as a major part of the terrestrial carbon reservoir, it plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. In this paper, a total of 665 soil samples from different depths were collected randomly in the autumn of 2007, and the spatial variability of SOC content at a small catchment of the Loess Plateau was analysed using classical statistics and geo-statistical analysis. In nonsampled areas classical kriging was utilized for interpolation of SOC estimation. The classic statistical analysis revealed moderate spatial variability with all five layers of SOC-content. In addition, the average SOC content decreased with soil depth and the relationship can be modelled by an exponential equation (y=3.1795x ^?1.2015, R ²=0.9866) and all of the SOC-content data in the different depth were normally distributed. The geo-statistical analysis indicated a moderate spatial dependence in 0–60 cm, while in the 60–80 cm depth spatial dependence was strong. The semi-variogram could be fitted by an exponential model for 0–10 cm depth; by a spherical model for 10–20 cm depth and 60–80 cm depth; and by a Gaussian model for 20–60 cm depth. The range increases with increasing depth. In addition, classical kriging could successfully interpolate SOC content in the catchment. In general, the geo-statistics method on a watershed scale could be accurately used to evaluate spatial variability of the SOC content in the Loess Plateau, China.     

Root and rhizosphere responses of iron‐efficient or ‐inefficient apple genotypes to solution pH

Solution culture with four pH levels was employed in this experiment to evaluate root and rhizosphere responses of Malus xiaojinensis [iron (Fe)‐efficient species] and M. baccata (Fe‐inefficient species) in order to pursue some of their physiological mechanism for Fe absorption. The results showed that M. xiaojinensis had a higher fresh weight per seedling than M. baccata at any of the solution pH levels tested and the differences were significant between the two species with increasing of the solution pH levels, particularly at the pH of 7.4 or 8.4. The reducing abilities of root exudates for the two species under test were decreased with increasing of the solution pH from 5.4 to 8.4, in which the reducing abilities for M. xiaojinensis were always more than two times higher than those for M baccata. The significant decrease of the reducing ability was found only at pH of 8.4 for M. xiaojinensis or at both 7.4 and 8.4 for M. baccata, respectively. Malus xiaojinensis had significantly higher respiration rates than M. baccata at the higher solution pH levels. Both rhizosphere pH and rhizosphere redox potential were influenced by the solution pH levels remarkably in distances of 0–4 mm to root surface or in distances of 5–10 mm along the root from the root tip, respectively. Genotypic differences in these two parameters were clearly showed at the solution pH of 7.4, in which rhizosphere pH of M xiaojinensis was clearly lower than that of M. baccata, while the rhizosphere redox potential of the former was much higher than that of the latter.     

土壤发育指标与气候因子的关系及辽西地区古气候重建

通过对我国现代气候条件下发育的22个土壤剖面发育指标的分析,运用相关性分析方法建立了土壤发育指标与气候因子的关系—转换函数,并将之运用于辽宁朝阳凤凰山古土壤剖面古气候参数重建中,得出71 ～423 ka BP以来的古气候参数值:403 ～423 ka BP期间年均降雨量为523.92 ～574.42 mm,年均温为10.6～11.0℃;311 ～403 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 184.6 ～1 277.2mm,年均温为15.6～16.6℃;243～311 ka BP期间年均降雨量为517.24 ～669.08 mm,年均温为9.18 ～12.2℃;225 ～243 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 302.7 mm,年均温为16.5℃;208 ～225 ka BP期间年均降雨量为642.54～731.42 mm,年均温为10.1～11.6℃;176～208 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 231.4 mm,年均温为16.0℃;148 ～ 176 ka BP期间年均降雨量为640.49 ～682.09 mm,年均温为8.49 ～9.13℃;71 ～148 ka BP期间年均降雨量为1 128.2 ～1 294.0 mm,年均温为16.1 ～16.6℃.辽宁朝阳现今全年平均气温9℃,年均降水量450～ 500 mm,说明该地区42万年以来气候有过多次波动,但总的趋势是由温暖湿润向寒冷干旱演化.     

机动式喷杆喷雾机机架的轻量化设计

为了解决机动式喷杆喷雾机机架质量过重、燃油消耗率和碳排放量过高等问题,以机动式喷杆喷雾机机架为研究对象,建立了机架的有限元模型。对机架进行了试验模态分析,将仿真结果与模态试验数据进行了对比。利用有限元分析软件Radioss对机架进行了静态分析,计算了机架在水平弯曲和极限扭转工况下的应力分布及变形。根据有限元分析结果,对机架进行了轻量化设计并对机架进行了结构改进。研究结果显示:模态试验结果与有限元仿真结果基本接近,验证了有限元模型的准确性;经过尺寸优化,机架的质量降幅为40.4%,实现了轻量化目标;根据轻量化结果对机架进行了结构改进,改进后弯曲工况和扭转工况的安全系数为分别提高了9.7%和7.8%。该文的相关研究可以为企业研发机动式喷杆喷雾机提供一定的参考。