高压共轨喷油系统多次喷射油量精确测量与规律分析

该文采用先进的EFS瞬时喷油量测量仪对高压共轨喷油系统多次喷射的预喷和主喷油量同时进行精确的测量,通过大量试验数据分析,文章总结了主、预喷油量跟随喷油间隔的变化规律。另外,发现了主喷油量在小喷油间隔时明显的波动性,通过试验分析确定了喷油器的电液力延迟和喷油间隔时高压燃油的波动是主要原因,为喷油参数的标定和多次喷射控制策略的设计提供了可靠的试验依据。     

野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究

为研究矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟形态发育特征,在野外调查的基础上,设计坡度(3°、6°、9°、12°)和雨强(0.5、1.0、2.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min)2个处理,在野外建立不同坡度的道路小区,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同处理道路径流产沙参数和细沟形态指标。结果表明:1)各坡度道路径流率为1.12~8.24 L/min,与雨强线性关系极显著,随坡度变化不显著;除0.5 mm/min雨强3°~9°坡及1.0 mm/min雨强3°坡道路径流流态为层流外,其余为紊流,雨强-坡度交互作用(I×S)对流态影响显著;阻力系数只与坡度相关。2)各坡度道路剥蚀率为0.92~324.46 g/(m2·s),与雨强、坡度和径流率呈极显著幂函数关系(R2=0.968,P0.01),道路土壤发生剥蚀的临界剪切力和临界径流功率分别为2.15 N/m2和0.41 W/(m2·s)。3)3°道路以片状侵蚀为主,6°~12°道路细沟发育,细沟宽深比、复杂度、割裂度和细沟密度分别为1.80~3.75、1.07~1.55、0.20%~10.33%和0.067~2.01 m/m2,细沟发育程度是雨强和坡度交互作用(I×S)的结果。4)6°~12°道路细沟侵蚀量占总侵蚀量比例为18.0%~57.16%,总侵蚀量与细沟宽深比、细沟复杂度、细沟割裂度和细沟密度均呈显著的函数关系(R2=0.35~0.96,P≤0.01),割裂度是影响土质道路总侵蚀量的最佳细沟形态因子。结果可为矿区土质道路水土保持工程设计及生产安全提供参数支持。     

锰饱和沸石肥料对石灰性土壤中锰的化学形态及燕麦生长的影响

沸石作为土壤结构改良基质和缓释肥料基质 ,对改善土壤养分向植物的供应状况有十分重要的作用 ,在国内外的农业生产中得到较广泛的应用[1～4] 。据研究资料报道 ,在土壤中施用沸石不会引起有效磷和肥料中水溶性磷的固定 ,还能改善土壤供钾状况[5] 。在ＣＥＣ较小的土壤中施用 ,     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

Study of wavelet denoising in apple's charge-coupled device near-infrared spectroscopy

Discrete wavelet transform was used to eliminate the noise in the charge-coupled device near-infrared (CCD-NIR) spectra of apple. The influence of three parameters (wavelet function, decomposition level, and threshold) on the predictive ability of the calibration model was investigated. The result showed that the db, sym, and bior wavelet families performed well, while the coif, dmey, and haar wavelets were not able to denoise effectively. The best decomposition level was 2. The threshold selection rules of the default, Birge-Massart, and Penalty had good denoising results, while SURE, Sqtwolog, Heuristic SURE, and Minimax set all detailed coefficients to zero due to their high threshold values. The best denoising result was obtained with the combination of the bior3.3 wavelet function, two levels of decomposition, default threshold selection rule, and the soft thresholding method. The optimal model of soluble solids content was constructed. The relative standard deviation of prediction decreased from 7.79 to 5.82% after wavelet denoising.     

Effect of dietary daidzein on egg production, shell quality, and gene expression of ER-alpha, GH-R, and IGF-IR in shell glands of laying hens

Our previous studies demonstrated that dietary daidzein improves egg production in ducks during the late period of the laying cycle. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of daidzein in laying hens, with more focus on eggshell quality. The expression of ER-alpha, GH-R, and IGF-IR mRNA in shell glands was determined to identify the target genes of daidzein action and to reveal the relationship between shell quality and profiles of gene expression in shell glands of laying hens. 1000 ISA hens, at 445 days of age, were allotted at random to two groups and given the basal diet with or without 10 mg of daidzein per kg diet for 9 weeks. Daidzein supplement significantly increased the egg laying rate and the feed conversion ratio. The eggshell thickness increased, while the percentage of cracked eggs decreased in daidzein-treated hens. Serum E2 and phosphate concentrations were not altered, but the level of serum Ca2+ and the tibia bone mineral density were significantly increased in the daidzein-treated group compared with their control counterparts. In parallel with the significant increase of oviduct weight, significant down-regulation of GH-R and IGF-IR mRNA and a trend of decrease in ERalpha mRNA expression in shell glands were observed in daidzein-treated hens. The results indicate that dietary daidzein improves egg laying performance and eggshell quality during the late (postpeak) laying stage of hens, which is associated with modulations in gene expression in the shell gland.     

Desorption and distribution of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on aged black carbon containing sediment

Purpose

There is a strong affinity between organic compounds and black carbon (BC) in sediments, but the release of adsorbed organic compounds from BC may vary with the duration of contaminant–sediment contact (i.e., aging). The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the application of rice straw carbon (RC) on the control of hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) pollution and investigate whether aging affects the release of adsorbed pentachlorophenol (PCP) in RC-amended sediment.

Materials and methods

Two experiments were conducted in this study: Tenax-mediated desorption kinetics experiment and PCP’s distribution experiment over aging time. The Tenax-mediated desorption kinetics data were fit with a modified two-domain model. PCP’s distribution pools in sediment involves water soluble (F ₁), 48 h desorption (F ₂), 432 h desorption minus 48 h desorption (F ₃), strongly complexed (F ₄), and nonextractable fractions (F ₅).

Results and discussion

A good fit of the desorption kinetics data was obtained with the modified two-domain model, and R ² ranged from 0.979 to 0.999. The presence of RC in the sediment reduced the rapid and slow desorption fractions (F _rap and F _slow) as well as the rapid and slow rates of desorption of PCP (k _rap and k _slow) from the sediment, and the RC also increased the desorption-resistant fraction (F _r ). F _rap and F _slow both increased, while F _r decreased after aging. The PCP content of F ₁, F ₂, and F ₃ increased but decreased in F ₄ and F ₅ with contact time. Furthermore, the segregation of PCP varied less with aging time in sediments with 2.0 % RC than in sediments with 0.5 % RC.

Conclusions

RC played a dominant role in hindering PCP mass transfer and reducing PCP availability in sediments. After the RC-amended sediment was aged for 98 days, the PCP was released more easily and became more readily available, which was attributed primarily to the RC–sediment aging rather than of the PCP–sediment aging. Furthermore, 0.5 % RC is not sufficient to control PCP release from sediments, and 2.0 % RC is needed to fix PCP in sediments over long periods of time.     

离心泵快速变工况瞬态过程特性模拟

为研究离心泵在不同工况点快速切换过程中的瞬态特性,该文以一台低比转速离心泵为研究对象,对其工况流量突然减小的瞬态过程,分别采用理论分析和数值计算的方式进行了外特性预测和内流场仿真研究。首先基于叶轮机械广义欧拉方程式,对离心泵模型在流量突然减小瞬态过程中的附加理论扬程进行了定量计算与分析。结果表明,同等条件下,变工况过程结束后的稳定流量越小,附加理论扬程越大,瞬态效应愈发明显;同时该瞬态过程后期的瞬态效应比前期更为明显。动静干涉效应对泵出口流动参数产生显著影响,而对泵进口流动参数的影响并不明显;动静干涉效应对小流量工况时各个流动参数的影响将尤为显著。叶片与隔舌相对位置最近时,计算扬程最小;当隔舌位于叶轮流道中间位置稍后时,计算扬程最大。同一个转动周期(T)内,选取叶片转过隔舌后的0.225 T和0.825 T位置进行单次定常计算可取得较高精度的数值预测结果。动静过流部件和粘性效应使得叶轮和蜗壳内的轴向速度分布规律完全相反。瞬态过程中流体加速效应使得瞬态流场演化整体上滞后于准稳态流场。