球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为及取食选择性的影响,本文通过室内控制试验,采用培养皿叶盘法,研究了共生体对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的选择、非选择性取食的影响。结果表明,在48 h非选择性试验中,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫在球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体叶片组织（处理组）上的取食率显著低于未接种球孢白僵菌玉米叶片（对照组）,第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为35.7%和62.5%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体茎秆组织上的取食率与对照组玉米差异不显著。在48 h选择性试验中,初孵幼虫在共生体玉米叶片组织上的取食率显著低于对照组,共生体玉米叶片组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈下降趋势,第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为6.3%和20.6%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体和对照组玉米茎秆组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势,其中对照组幼虫取食率显著高于处理组,第48 h时在处理组和对照组玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为33.1%和45.6%,差异极显著。本研究初步表明,球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食行为有显著的抑制和忌避作用。     

Modulation of broilers’ caecal microflora and metabolites in response to a potential probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Studies have found that a dietary supplement of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens improved the growth performance, increased the nutrient digestibility of hosts and modulated the intestinal microflora. A total of 360 1‐day‐old Ross broilers were randomly divided into three treatments: a control group with a basal diet, an antibiotic group with a basal diet and added colistin sulphate, and a probiotics group with a basal diet and added Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The HiSeq high‐throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA was used to investigate the differences in birds’ caecal microflora, and metabolomics was used to analyse changes in caecal metabolites. Results showed that the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly improved the BW and ADG compared with the control birds. Results of sequencing indicated that (i) 645, 670, 596 unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found in birds supplemented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on day 7, 21 and 42, separately, (ii) due to the diversity and relative abundance of the birds’ caecal microflora, the OTUs of the caecal microflora clustered according to age and treatment, except on day 42, (iii) among the six predominate families (Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Rikenellaceae), the supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens significantly increased Enterobacteriaceae on day 42, (iv) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus on day 21, increased the Faecalibacterium and Blautia and decreased the Ruminococcus on day 42. The metabolomics of caecal metabolites showed that the dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens changed the caecal metabolites involved of amino acid metabolism and glyceride metabolism, and the antibiotics changed the caecal metabolites that were related to carbohydrates and amino acid metabolism on day 21.     

In vitro inhibitory effect of trichostatin A on canine grade 3 mast cell tumor

Mast cell tumor (MCT) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms that affect skin and soft tissue in dogs. Because mast cell tumors present a great variety of clinical appearance and behavior, their treatment becomes a challenge. Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic, has shown inhibitory effects on the proliferation and induction of apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. In order to evaluate the potential of trichostatin A as a therapeutic drug, cells of grade 3 MCT were cultured and treated with concentrations of 1 nM to 400 nM of TSA. MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion assays were performed to estimate cell growth and cell viability, and cell cycle analysis was evaluated. TSA treatment showed a reduction in numbers of viable cells and an increase of cell death by apoptosis. The cell cycle analysis showed an increase of hypodiploid cells and a reduction of G0/G1 and G2/M –phases. According to these results, trichostatin A may be an interesting potential chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of canine MCT.     

不同栽培方式及种植密度对辣椒产量的影响

为进一步提高贵州省辣椒产量,提高经济效益,以大方皱椒和毕节线椒为试验材料,研究了不同定植方式和不同密度对辣椒产量的影响,结果表明,采用单株定植移栽方式,大方皱椒和毕节线椒667 m2分别种植9 391～11 139穴和7 977～9 831穴时产量最高,667 m2产量可达到194.40～233.37 kg和198.76～259.04 kg,经济效益最好。     

我国小麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性研究进展

小麦是我国主要的粮食作物, 麦田草害的发生与危害严重影响小麦的产量与品质。我国小麦田的禾本科杂草主要包括日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草和多花黑麦草等, 田间杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂。精噁唑禾草灵自20世纪80年代进入我国市场以来, 长期用于小麦田禾本科杂草防除, 已经报道麦田多种禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵产生了高水平抗药性。为更加科学合理地控制小麦田杂草的发生与危害, 一些学者就麦田禾本科杂草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗药性水平监测和抗性机理进行了系统研究。本文系统总结了我国小麦田抗精噁唑禾草灵杂草的发生种群、抗性水平、靶标酶抗性机理与非靶标抗性机理, 还梳理了抗性杂草的交互抗性与多抗性发生情况, 分析了我国在抗性杂草治理方面的经验以及面临的问题, 为农田杂草防除提供指导。     

2018年我国小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性检测

以多菌灵为主的苯并咪唑类杀菌剂一直是小麦抽穗扬花期防控赤霉病的主要手段之一。本研究对2018年我国主要麦区采集的1 464株赤霉病菌菌株进行多菌灵抗性分子检测。共检测出多菌灵抗性菌株97株,抗性频率为6.63%,同时发现抗性菌株以F167Y突变频率最高,其次为E198Q和F200Y。通过比较不同省份间多菌灵抗性发生频率发现,长江中下游麦区赤霉病菌群体抗性频率明显高于黄淮麦区群体。本研究相比之前研究中的抗性频率大幅度上升,表明在多菌灵的选择压力下,多菌灵抗性种群发展迅速。为防止抗性群体的进一步发展,致使多菌灵防治赤霉病失效,应采用混配、复配药剂、不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替轮换使用来防治小麦赤霉病。     

两个玉米自交系对纹枯病的抗病反应机制初探

玉米纹枯病是由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的一种重要病害。具有优良性状的自交系是开展玉米抗病品种选育的重要种质资源。本试验以西南地区两个优良玉米自交系R08与18-599R为材料,采用人工接种R.solani菌丝融合群AG1-IA,对成株期玉米进行了抗性鉴定,并对病原菌诱导后苗期玉米叶片上的活性氧(ROS)、抗病相关基因(PR1、ZmDREB2A、ZmERF3和WIP1)表达及细胞坏死情况进行了动态检测。结果显示,R08对纹枯病表现为中抗,而18-599R为高感材料;受R.solani侵染后,玉米叶片ROS的积累在R08中较18-599R多;两个自交系中基因表达量及表达时间存在显著差异;R08叶片出现显著的细胞坏死反应,而18-599R相对较轻。本研究表明两个自交系对R.solani的抗性差异主要体现在相关抗病反应的时间和强度上,这为进一步研究玉米纹枯病抗病机理提供了依据。     

Comparison of leaf stomatal conductance models for typical desert riparian phreatophytes in northwestern China

Stomatal regulation plays a vital role related to plant functioning, especially with a limited water supply. Estimating the leaf stomatal conductance (g _s) is pivotal for further estimation of transpiration as well as energy and mass balances between air and plant in arid regions. Based on successive measurements of leaf gas exchange of two typical desert riparian phreatophytes, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., and Populus euphratica Oliv., we estimated g _s using the empirical, optimal, and mechanistic models. Measurements were conducted on T. ramosissima during the growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 and P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014. Estimated values were compared with those measured by the portable open-path gas exchange measurement system. Results indicated that Ye’s mechanistic model always performed best among all the g _s models tested here with R ² values of 0.878 and 0.723 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.625 and 0.867 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Meanwhile, Medlyn’s optimal model exhibited the least reliable performance with R ² at values of 0.514 and 0.398 for T. ramosissima in 2011 and 2012, and 0.385 and 0.101 for P. euphratica in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Empirical models may not be suitable for application in novel situations because they have been developed from experimental observations rather than from any mechanistic understanding or theory of stomatal behavior. Consequently, the application of Ye’s mechanistic model will be of great significance for the modeling and up-scaling of g _s in extremely arid regions in the future.