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991.
Brigitte Dorn Tomke Musa Heinz Krebs Padruot Men Fried Hans Rudolf Forrer 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(2):217-240
In order to replace copper fungicides in organic potato production, 53 copper-free preparations (CFPs) based on natural compounds,
including plant extracts and microorganisms, and five copper preparations were evaluated for their potential to control Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen that causes late blight of potatoes. In in vitro assays, 30% of the CFPs inhibited indirect germination of
sporangia, 26% mycelial growth and in growth chamber experiments, 21% efficiently reduced foliar blight of tomato plants.
In micro-plot field trials with applications twice a week, the copper preparations were the most effective and reduced foliar
blight by 99%. Of the CFPs tested, Oekofluid P, Mycosin and other sulphuric clays, and C-2000 reduced late blight the most,
from 63% to 37%. In small-plot trials in 2001, 2002 and 2004, 27 CFPs with different formulations and four copper preparations
were examined. In 2004, copper preparations at full and reduced rates and sulphuric clays were applied either weekly or according
to the decision support system Bio-PhytoPRE. With Bio-PhytoPRE, copper preparations reduced foliar blight of potatoes by 23–77%
and increased tuber yield by 2–28%, depending on the copper rate applied and year. With CFPs, maximal efficacy was 17% and
no effect on tuber yield was observed. In vitro and in vivo trials showed that the rainfastness and the persistence of CFPs
was low compared with copper preparations. This indicates that the failure of CFPs under field conditions is probably due
to a lack of stability under prevailing environmental conditions and not to a lack of efficacy. Until stable formulations
for CFPs are developed, an optimised and restricted use of copper fungicides using a decision support system could help to
control late blight in organic potato production and to reduce copper input into the environment. 相似文献
992.
993.
Hildebrandt S Kratzin HD Schaller R Fritsché R Steinhart H Paschke A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(5):1727-1733
Hen's egg allergy represents one of the most common and severe IgE-mediated reactions to food in infants and young children. It persists, however, in many cases also lifelong. Therefore, the aim of this study was the detailed analysis of a technological process used to reduce the allergenic potential of hen's egg. The investigation focused on the pasteurized egg as starting material, intermediate, and final products of a nine-step manufacturing process performed for use of eggs in convenience products appropriate for allergic individuals. The steps consisted of a combination of various heat treatments and enzymatic hydrolyses. The alterations were controlled by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting, enzyme allergosorbent test (EAST) inhibition, and mass spectrometry. Thereby it could be demonstrated that the allergenic potential of the raw material was reduced from step to step, and despite the known stability against heat and proteolysis of certain egg proteins, the total allergenic potential was finally below 1/100 that of the starting material without a significant change in texture and flavor as evaluated in various products. 相似文献
994.
Hartmann EC Boettcher MI Schettgen T Fromme H Drexler H Angerer J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(15):6061-6068
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of acrylamide (AA) in the nonsmoking general population. For the first time both the blood protein adducts and the urinary metabolites of AA and glycidamide (GA) were quantified in an especially designed study group with even distribution of age and gender. The hemoglobin adducts N-carbamoylethylvaline (AAVal) and N-( R, S)-2-hydroxy-2-carbamoylethylvaline (GAVal) were detected by GC-MS/MS in all blood samples with median levels of 30 and 34 pmol/g of globin, respectively. Concentrations ranged from 15 to 71 pmol/g of globin for AAVal and from 14 to 66 pmol/g of globin for GAVal. The ratio GAVal/AAVal was 0.4-2.7 (median = 1.1). The urinary metabolites were determined by LC-MS/MS. Of all urine samples examined 99% of N-acetyl- S-(2-carbamoylethyl)- l-cysteine (AAMA) levels and 73% of N-( R/ S)-acetyl- S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)- l-cysteine (GAMA) levels were above the LOD (1.5 microg/L). Concentrations ranged from 相似文献
995.
OBJECTIVE: In light of the emerging obesity pandemic, front-of-pack calories labels may be an important tool to assist consumers in making informed healthier food choices. However, there is little prior research to guide key decisions on whether caloric content should be expressed in absolute terms or relative to recommended daily intake, whether it should be expressed in per serving or per 100 g and whether the information should be further brought alive for consumers in terms of what the extra calorie intake implies in relation to activity levels. The present study aimed at providing more insight into consumers' appreciation of front-of-pack labelling of caloric content of food products and their specific preferences for alternative execution formats for such information in Europe. DESIGN: For this purpose, eight executions of front-of-pack calorie flags were designed and their appeal and information value were extensively discussed with consumers through qualitative research in four different countries (Germany, The Netherlands, France and the UK). RESULTS: The results show that calories are well-understood and that participants were generally positive about front-of-pack flags, particularly when flags are uniform across products. The most liked flags are the simpler flags depicting only the number of calories per serving or per 100 g, while more complex flags including references to daily needs or exercise and the flag including a phrase referring to balanced lifestyle were least preferred. Some relevant differences between countries were observed. Although participants seem to be familiar with the notion of calories, they do not seem to fully understand how to apply them. CONCLUSION: From the results, managerial implications for the design and implementation of front-of-pack calorie labelling as well as important directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
996.
Field estimation of the microbial biomass of soils derived from natural and anthropogenic parent materials Whereas the estimation and evaluation of physical and chemical soil properties is possible with the use of widely accepted methods, there is still no procedure with respect to microbiological parameters. Therefore, our objective was to develop a field procedure for estimating the integral parameter ”︁microbial biomass”. For this purpose, microbial biomass data (Cmic in dry matter) of soils developed in natural parent materials from 116 sites in Germany and abroad were analyzed. Additionally, Cmic in 33 German soils developed in anthropogenic parent materials was determined. In the soils under consideration, Cmic varied between 100 and 4000 kg ha—1 in the upper 30 cm. For soils of natural substrates statistical relations between Cmic and the humus and clay content as well as pH were derived. From these parameters which are combined as the diagnostic characteristics of humus a simple procedure for estimating Cmic of arable soils was developed. For soils developed in anthropogenic parent materials, however, an estimation procedure was developed that uses the nature of the parent material and the degree of soil development. To evaluate the estimated amount of Cmic, a frame consisting of 6 classes is proposed: < 200 kg ha—1 (= very low), 200—400 kg ha—1 (= low), 400—800 kg ha—1 (= moderate), 800—1600 kg ha—1 (= medium), 1600—3200 kg ha—1 (= high), and > 3200 kg ha—1 (= very high). 相似文献
997.
Hans Dreyer 《Potato Research》2017,60(3-4):237-238
This paper highlights the current developments towards the sustainable intensification of crop production to combat hunger and malnutrition. It also stresses the specific role the cultivation of potato can play in abolishing hunger and malnutrition. Finally, it describes the role of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in achieving sustainable intensification of potato production. 相似文献
998.
Rudolf Geiger und Hans Amann 《Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt》1931,53(20):705-714
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
999.
Igor Drobyshev Mats Niklasson Hans Linderson Kerstin Sonesson Matts Karlsson Sven G. Nilsson Jan Lanner 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(4):401-401
1000.
The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of origin or processing procedure on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in sunflower coproducts. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expellers (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Italy, Hungary, and the United States. Each source of SFM or SFE was the only source of CP and AA in one diet, and an N-free diet was also used for a total of eight diets. Eight barrows (body weight: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to one of the eight diets using an 8 × 8 Latin square design with eight periods. The Lys:CP ratio in the six sources of SFM ranged from 3.10% to 3.96% with CP concentrations ranging from 27.34% to 36.75%. CP in SFE was 26.87% and the Lys:CP ratio was 3.51%. Concentrations of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract in the six sources of SFM ranged from 0.60% to 3.11%, but SFE contained 8.77%. Results indicated that the SID of CP was lower (P < 0.05) in SFM from Hungary compared with all other sources of SFM except for one of the sources from Ukraine. There were no differences in the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp among sources of SFM, but for most of the remaining indispensable AA, the SFM from Hungary had less (P < 0.05) SID than the other sources. However, only a few differences in the SID of indispensable AA were observed among the other sources of SFM, but the SID of CP and all AA except Trp was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, there were only a few differences in the SID of the first-limiting AA among SFM obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States, but the SID of CP and AA was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that processing of sunflower seeds influence the nutritional value. 相似文献