Effects of the Ratio of n-6:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Maternal Diet on Immunoglobulins, Fatty Acid Composition, and Performance of Lactating Sows and Suckling Piglets under Conditions of Low Maternal Energy Intake

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in sow diets on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets at low digestible energy intakes.Twenty-one pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three diets from day 108 of gestation until weaning (26 to 29 d),containing n-6∶n-3 PUFA ratios of 3∶1,8∶1 and 11∶1.The effects on sow and litter production traits and on sow body condition were examined.There were no differences among treatments in daily feed intakes or in changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation.Litter size,litter weight at birth and weaning and litter average daily weight gain were also unaffected by treatment.As expected,large differences were observed in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the colostrum and plasma of sows and piglets (P ＜ 0.01 ).The ratio of n-6∶n-3 PUFA the diet was positively correlated with those in colostrum,sow plasma and piglet plasma ( R2 =0.55,0.80 and 0.80,respectively).Sow plasma insulin and IGF-I levels at weaning were unaffected by the treatments.Plasma leptin ( P ＜ 0.05) concentrations were increased in sows fed the diet with a n-6∶ n-3 ratio of 8∶1.Immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum were not altered by dietary treatment.Plasma IgG concentrations at d 14 were highest in piglets from sows fed the 8∶1 ratio of n-6∶n-3.Furthermore,this group had the highest IgA concentrations at day 21 of lactation compared with the other two groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In summary,our study demonstrated that at low digestible energy levels,altering the ratio of n-6∶n-3 PUFA in the diets for lactating sows affected immune components and the fatty acid composition of lactating sows and their piglets.Further studies are needed to examine whether higher levels of fat supplementation than those used in the present study ( 1.5％ ) can successfully enhance performance.     

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of decursin and decursinol angelate isolated from Angelica gigas against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast

Blast is considered the most important fungal disease of rice due to its wide distribution and destructiveness under favorable conditions. Development of new effective and environmentally benign agents against the causal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, is of great interest. In the course of a search for natural antifungal compounds in medicinal plants, we found that the methanol extract of Angelica gigas roots showed a potent control efficacy against rice blast caused by M. oryzae. We isolated antifungal coumarins from the extract, and they were identified as decursin and decursinol angelate. Antifungal activities of these compounds, along with kasugamycin, were tested on M. oryzae in vivo and in vitro. In an in vivo assay, the three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast at concentrations more than 100 μg/mL. Coumarins showed relatively weak inhibitory effect on fungal mycelial growth when compared to kasugamycin. However, they strongly inhibited M. oryzae spore germination, which was not observed in kasugamycin treatments. This is the first report demonstrating that decursinol angelate can provide control against rice blast and that the two coumarins inhibit M. oryzae spore germination. In addition, the wettable powder formulation of the crude extract of A. gigas prohibited the development of blast symptoms on rice plants more effectively than liquid concentrate formulation of kasugamin, a commercial fungicide. Based on our study, we propose that coumarin compounds as well as the A. gigas root crude extract can be used as natural, benign fungicides for controlling rice blast.     

进境美国苜蓿草中苜蓿黄萎病菌的检疫鉴定

从一批进境的美国苜蓿草样品中分离得到了一株与苜蓿黄萎病菌(Verticillium albo-atrum)相似的分离物M1。该分离物原始菌落为白色,边缘规则呈圆形,菌丝较致密,气生菌丝较少,苜蓿组织块不被菌丝覆盖,菌落生长速度为小于2.5 mm/d;M1在PDA上进行纯培养,前6d内,菌落为白色圆形,容易产生分子孢子轮枝状分生孢子梗,7d后菌落中央表面因产生休眠菌丝开始变成黑褐色至黑色,20d后菌落的表面和背面大部分均变黑色,仍不产生微菌核和厚垣孢子。M1的DNA用V.albo-atrum特异引物Vaa1/Vaa2进行检测,PCR扩增后得到预期330 bp的产物片段,产物序列与V.albo-atrum相应序列的相似性为100%。该分离物接种苜蓿草根部,15d后引起苜蓿黄萎病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、PCR产物序列分析,以及致病性测定结果,将进境美国苜蓿草样品中的分离物M1鉴定为苜蓿黄萎病菌。     

Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani AG‐2‐2 (IIIB) in creeping bentgrass plants transformed with pepper esterase gene PepEST

A pepper esterase (PepEST) gene was introduced into creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Purified recombinant PepEST proteins were sufficient to inhibit the growth of the fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani AG2‐2 (IIIB) (causing brown patch) and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (dollar spot), but not the oomycete responsible for pythium blight, Pythium aphanidermatum. PepEST proteins were most effective against R. solani. After genetic transformation of creeping bentgrass with PepEST, the genomic integration of transgenes bar and PepEST was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and their expression was also validated by northern blot and western blot analyses. Disease severity on R. solani‐inoculated leaves of transgenic plants was <10% compared to ca. 50% in non‐transgenic plants. Microscopic observation of infected leaves indicated that PepEST inhibited the growth of hyphae upon fungal infection.     

旋幽夜蛾各虫态的过冷却点测定

［目的］ 探明旋幽夜蛾（Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg）各虫态的耐寒性。［方法］利用过冷却点测定仪对旋幽夜蛾1~5龄幼虫、蛹（滞育、非滞育）和雌雄成虫分别进行过冷却点和结冰点测定。［结果］各龄幼虫过冷却点随龄期的增加逐渐升高,1龄幼虫（-13.63 ℃）<2龄幼虫（-12.50 ℃）<3龄幼虫（-11.08 ℃）<4龄幼虫（-11.05 ℃）<5龄幼虫（-10.04 ℃）。相邻龄期幼虫的过冷却点均未呈现出显著性差异,但低龄幼虫和高龄幼虫间存在显著性差异。其余虫态过冷却点滞育蛹（-24.94 ℃）显著低于非滞育蛹（-21.91 ℃）,雌蛹（-23.84 ℃）<雄蛹（-23.52 ℃）,雌成虫（-15.75 ℃）<雄成虫（-15.44 ℃）,但雌雄蛹和雌雄成虫之间均未呈现显著性差异。［结论］ 旋幽夜蛾各虫态过冷却点变化为蛹（-23.67 ℃）<成虫（-15.60 ℃）<幼虫（-11.48 ℃）,三者之间有显著性差异。研究结果为旋幽夜蛾的越冬区划提供了科学依据。     

稻瘟病菌拮抗细菌bio-2的抑菌作用及其鉴定

稻瘟病是水稻的重要病害,可引起大幅度减产.目前,利用水稻抗瘟性品种和使用化学农药仍是防治稻瘟病行之有效的方法,但因抗瘟品种的单一化、稻瘟病菌生理小种组成的复杂性和变异性、化学农药的毒性以及病原菌的抗药性,使水稻稻瘟病的防治受到一定的制约,因此,生物防治越来越受到人们的关注.     

我国甜菜褐斑病菌的PCR快速检测

由甜菜尾孢菌Cercospora beticola引起的甜菜褐斑病(Cercospora leaf spot, CLS)是甜菜生产中危害较重的叶部真菌病害,导致甜菜产量和含糖量下降。由于CLS早期症状不易识别,传统病斑形态目测诊断法易错过最佳防治时期,因此分子检测方法对于CLS的准确监测十分重要。迄今为止,国外已报道的分子检测法主要有基于甜菜尾孢菌 rRNA-genes的actin gene编码区和ITS区结合限制性酶切的分子检测法、基于 rRNA-genes的ITS区结合测序的检测方法和基于大量尾孢属真菌RAPD多态性分析而设计的特异引物Cebe2检测法。目前,我国对甜菜尾孢菌的分子检测工作尚未见报道,为此,本试验对甜菜尾孢菌上述3种主要分子检测方法进行了比较,并进一步验证了特异引物Cebe2的可靠性,初步确立了我国甜菜尾孢菌的快速分子检测技术体系,为我国CLS的早期准确检测和有效控制提供技术支持。     

PrPc重组蛋白脑内接种金黄地鼠对mRNA表达的影响

为明确将牛PrPc重组蛋白接种金黄地鼠脑内是否引起异常临床表现、脑组织病理学变化及对其mRNA表达产生影响,为进一步研究PrPc蛋白与异构体PrPsc 的结构转换机制提供基础数据,将纯化的牛PrPc重组蛋白磷酸盐缓冲液制剂进行地鼠颅内接种,约3 μL/只,对照接种磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）;102 d后取出脑组织：一部分福尔马林固定后进行常规H.E.染色观察, 另一部分提取脑组织总RNA,进行实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测.结果表明：处理未见临床异常表现;大脑、小脑、脑干组织病理学检测未见海绵状空泡变性和淀粉样斑;大脑PrPc mRNA表达水平无显著性差异.上述结果表明,用PrPc重组蛋白接种,在检测时间102 d内未引起金黄地鼠行为和脑组织的异常改变.     

多泵多塔多节点的供水系统水泵工况点的确定

本文针对多泵多塔多节点的供水系统,给出用迭代计算确定水泵工况的计算方法,并给出在电子计算机上实现上述计算的程序的步骤。     

玉米蛋白粉中反式叶黄素及主要顺式异构体的分离鉴定

使用反相高效液相色谱和二极阵列检测及大气压化学电离质谱技术对玉米蛋白粉中叶黄素、玉米黄质和隐黄质及其主要顺式异构体进行分离和鉴定。以体积分数95%的乙醇和四氢呋喃按体积比1∶1混合为提取溶剂,采用Carotenoid C30色谱柱(250.0 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)分离,甲醇和丙酮为流动相,流速0.5 mL/min,检测波长450nm,采用DAD和APcI-MS技术对叶黄素、玉米黄质和隐黄质的主要顺式异构体进行鉴定。结果表明:叶黄素、玉米黄质和隐黄质及这3种色素的异构体在60 min内较好分离,其质量浓度为5.0~150.0、2.7~80.1和0.6~18.0μg/mL时与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 7、0.999 3和0.999 5;该检测方法精密度的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.11%~0.39%,回收率为95.95%~101.78%。HPLC检测方法适用于玉米蛋白粉等干植物原料中叶黄素类色素的精确定量。