喀什市空气总悬浮颗粒物的污染及其防治对策

脆弱的生态环境以及人类不合理的开荒等的影响下喀什市的大气环境受到了总悬浮颗粒物和降尘的严重污染,大气污染成为制约喀什市发展的因素之一。以喀什市1991~2000年10年的大气污染监测结果为基础,对喀什市大气污染进行初步分析,阐述了喀什市环境空气总悬浮颗粒物的污染状况,总结出市内尘类污染时空分布特征,进一步阐明尘类污染是影响喀什市大气环境的重要指标,最后分析了总悬浮颗粒物的污染原因,并提出了防治总悬浮颗粒的措施。     

Dispersion as an index of relative hydraulic conductivity in salt-affected soils of the Sudan

The effects of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and electrolyte concentration (C) on the relative hydraulic conductivity (RHC) and dispersion index (DI) of two soil samples selected from a Vertisol and an Aridisol were investigated in the laboratory. For the two soil samples RHC increased whereas DI decreased as ESP decreased and C increased. DI was found to account for over 80% (r_0.001 = 0.62) of the variability of RHC of a salt-affected sample. DI could thus be used for predicting RHC. ESP—threshold concentration relationships indicated that a saturated gypsum solution could be initially effective in a disturbed soil column taken from a Gezira Vertisol of ESP > 9 and a montmorillonitic Aridisol of ESP > 16. Dispersion indices that can be used as a guide for improving irrigation water quality were suggested. These laboratory findings are thought to be useful in planning field investigations regarding the reclamation of the soils that were sampled.     

Antioxidant Capacity,Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Enzymes of Wild Grape Seeds from Different Accessions Grown in Iran

Grape seeds contain high levels of phytochemicals, that have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. In this study, the polyphenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity in the seeds of 20 wild grape accessions native to Iran were investigated. The antioxidant capacity of the wild grape seeds was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating. Total phenolic (TP), total flavanoid (TF) and total proanthocyanidin (TPA) content ranged from 44.86 to 155.1, 23.21 to 131.91, and 10.11 to 26.10?mg/g seed, respectively. All seed extracts showed remarkable DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe²⁺ chelating ranging from 27.34 to 78.57%, 198.83 to 590.86?µmol TE/g and 23.12 to 62.98%, respectively. Grape seed extracts had the greatest antioxidant enzymes activity guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Based on HPLC analyses, catechin was the most abundant compound identified (25.89?mg/g) for all accessions. Additionally, significant correlations among different antioxidant assays were found. With the high amount of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activity, seeds of P6, P7 and P8 accessions might be evaluated as a nutritional supplement.     

Effective bioremediation of heavy metal–contaminated landfill soil through bioaugmentation using consortia of fungi

Purpose

Heavy metals’ contamination of soil is a serious concern as far as public health and environmental protection are concerned. As a result of their persistent and toxic properties, heavy metals need to be removed from contaminated environments using an efficient technology. This study is aimed to determine the heavy metals’ (Ni, Pb, and Zn) bioremoval capacity of consortia of filamentous fungi from landfill leachate-contaminated soil.

Materials and methods

Three different groups of consortia of fungi, namely all isolated fungi, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota, were employed for the bioremediation of the contaminated soil. A total of thirteen fungal species were used to make up the three consortia. The setup was kept for 100 days during which regular watering was carried out. Soil subsamples were collected at day 20, day 60, and 100 for monitoring of heavy metal concentration, fungal growth, and other physicochemical parameters.

Results and discussion

Highest tolerance index of 1.0 was recorded towards Ni and Zn concentrations. The maximum metal bioremoval efficiency was observed for soil bioaugmented with the all isolated fungi for Ni and Pb with the removal efficiencies as 52% and 44% respectively. However, 36% was realized as the maximum removal for Zn, and was for Ascomycota consortium-treated soil. The order for the heavy metal removal for Ni and Pb is all isolated fungi > Basidiomycota?>?Ascomycota, while for Zn is Basidiomycota?>?all isolated fungi > Ascomycota. Spectra analysis revealed the presence of peaks (1485–1445 cm^?1) only in the consortia-treated soil which corresponded to the bending of the C–H bond which signifies the presence of methylene group.

Conclusions

Soil treated using bioaugmentation had the best heavy metal removal as compared to that of the control. This suggests the contribution of fungal bioaugmentation in the decontamination of heavy metal–contaminated soil.

     

Transcripts of genes encoding reproductive neuroendocrine hormones and androgen receptor in the brain and testis of goldfish exposed to vinclozolin,flutamide, testosterone,and their combinations

Vinclozolin (VZ) is a pesticide that acts as an anti-androgen to impair reproduction in mammals. However, VZ-induced disruption of reproduction is largely unknown in fish. In the present study, we have established a combination exposure in which adult goldfish were exposed to VZ (30 and 100 μg/L), anti-androgen flutamide (Flu, 300 μg/L), and androgen testosterone (T, 1 μg/L) to better understand effects of VZ on reproductive endocrine system. mRNA levels of kisspeptin (kiss-1 and kiss-2) and its receptor (gpr54), salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh3) and androgen receptor (ar) in the mid-brain, and luteinizing hormone receptor (lhr) in the testis were analyzed and compared with those of control following 10 days of exposure. kiss-1 mRNA level was increased in goldfish exposed to 100 µg/L VZ and to Flu, while kiss-2 mRNA level was increased following exposure to Flu and to combinations of 30 µg/L VZ with Flu, 100 µg/L VZ with T, and Flu with T. gpr54 mRNA level was increased in goldfish exposed to Flu and to combination of 30 µg/L VZ with Flu and 100 µg/L VZ with T. gnrh3 mRNA level was increased in goldfish exposed to 100 µg/L VZ, to Flu, and to combinations of 30 µg/L VZ with Flu, 100 µg/L VZ with T, and Flu with T. The mid-brain ar mRNA level was increased in goldfish exposed to Flu and to combinations of 30 µg/L VZ with Flu, 100 µg/L VZ with T, and Flu with T. Testicular lhr mRNA level was increased in goldfish exposed to Flu and to combination of 30 µg/L VZ with Flu. These results suggest that VZ and Flu are capable of interfering with kisspeptin and GnRH systems to alter pituitary and testicular horonal functions in adult goldfish and the brain ar mediates VZ-induced disruption of androgen production.     

Modulation of growth performances,survival, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae using short chain fructooligosaccharide

This study investigates the effects of inclusion of low levels of dietary short chain fructooligosacchairde (sc‐FOS) on physiological response and intestinal microbiota of carp (Cyprinus carpio) larvae. After acclimation, fish (550 ± 20 mg) were allocated into nine tanks (40 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet (0%) or diets containing 0.5% and 1% sc‐FOS for 7 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF), survival rate as well as digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase and protease), total viable counts of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) level in intestinal microbiota were measured. Our results revealed no significant (P > 0.05) effects of sc‐FOS on growth performance and TVC when compared with the control group. However, administration of low levels of dietary sc‐FOS significantly increased digestive enzyme activities (lipase and amylase) and LAB levels (P < 0.05). Also, survival rate was significantly elevated in sc‐FOS fed carp. These results revealed that administration of low levels of sc‐FOS can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for larval stage of common carp.     

新疆经济发展与环境污染关系研究

利用新疆1990-2005年经济与环境统计数据,建立了人均GDP与典型环境指标关系计量模型并分析了两者之间关系。分析结果表明:该时段新疆人均GDP与环境指标之间没有明显的"倒U"型关系;工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量、工业粉尘排放量和工业固体产生量随着经济的发展总体呈现出上升趋势,原因是新疆工业发展较快,还是粗放型为主,环境污染治理投资主要用于提高污染物处理率和达标排放率;仅有工业烟尘排放量呈现出随经济发展降低趋势;新疆目前现状符合经济发展初期随着经济发展环境质量下降的理论。     

新疆于田绿洲土地利用变化的人文驱动力分析

根据干旱区土地利用和相关的社会经济状况及其变化特征的典型相关分析,提出了表征县级土地利用动态变化及其人类驱动因素的指标,分析了两者的相关性及探讨人口变化驱动因素对土地利用特别是耕地变化的驱动机制,为协调干旱区土地资源和人类活动的关系提供依据,也为干旱区土地利用研究的深入积累方法和经验。     

西天山伊犁河灌区土壤盐分时空变异特征

根据2009年伊犁河灌区土壤临测和取样分析资料,运用半方差函数与克里格插值法,对伊犁河灌区灌溉期与非灌溉期土壤盐分含量变异特征进行了分析.结果表明:研究区耕层土壤53.68%样地呈非盐渍化土壤,18.38%为轻度盐渍化,13.97%为中度盐渍化,8.82%为重度盐渍化,5.15%为盐士.土壤盐渍化类型主要为硫酸盐渍土为...     

Do faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions from environments with contrasting seasonal moisture availabilities differ in stomatal characteristics and related traits?

Drought is a major constraint to faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production, and there are many mechanisms by which leaves can regulate water loss. Our primary objective was to test if the origin of the faba bean accessions, from drought-prone and non-drought-prone environments, was associated with differences in measurable aspects of stomatal morphology and physiology related to water use. Two sets, each consisting of 201 faba bean accessions, were chosen from environments with contrasting seasonal moisture profiles following the focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS), and then screened under well watered conditions. From these, two subsets of 10 accessions each were chosen to test for differences in response to drought. Parameters related to stomatal function and water status were measured. The dry-adapted set had bigger stomata, higher leaf relative water content (LRWC) and cooler leaves under well watered conditions. Stomatal density and stomatal area per unit area of leaflet were negatively correlated with gas exchange parameters and positively correlated with intrinsic water use efficiency. Drought caused stomatal densities to increase in the dry set while stomatal length decreased in both sets. The moisture deficit was sufficient to decrease gas exchange in both sets to similar levels, but the dry-adapted set maintained warmer leaves and a higher LRWC that showed no significant correlations with leaf morphology or gas exchange, demonstrating more effective stomatal regulation. The results also support that collection site data from the environment where genetic resources are collected can be used as indicators of adaptive traits in an herbaceous annual species.