Admixture analysis in relation to pedigree studies of introgression in a minority British cattle breed: the Lincoln Red

Investigation of historic population processes using molecular data has been facilitated by the use of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), which enables the consideration of multiple alternative demographic scenarios. The Lincoln Red cattle breed provides a relatively simple example of two well‐documented admixture events. Using molecular data for this breed, we found that structure did not resolve very low (<5% levels) of introgression, possibly due to sampling limitations. We evaluated the performance of two ABC approaches (2BAD and DIYABC) against those of two earlier methodologies, ADMIX and LEADMIX, by comparing their interpretations with the conclusions drawn from herdbook analysis. The ABC methods gave credible values for the proportions of the Lincoln Red genotype that are attributable to Aberdeen Angus and Limousin, although estimates of effective population size and event timing were not realistic. We suggest ABC methods are a valuable supplement to pedigree‐based studies but that the accuracy of admixture determination is likely to diminish with increasing complexity of the admixture scenario.     

不同生育时期牛心朴子及甘草碳水化合物与全N含量分布部位及C/N比变化规律研究

对毛乌素沙漠边缘地带野生植物牛心朴子、甘草不同生育时期碳水化合物、全N含量、分布部位及C/N比的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:1植物体各个器官均储藏营养物质,但根系是这两种多年旱生植物储藏碳水化合物的主要器官。2牛心朴子、甘草光合产物最终储藏物形式不同,牛心朴子根系以可溶性糖为主,且含量大于甘草;而甘草根系则以淀粉为主。3在生育期内碳水化合物积累和消耗动态变化有差异。总糖含量变化,牛心朴子为减少—减少—增加—减少—增加—增加;甘草为减少—减少—增加—增加—增加—减少。牛心朴子可溶性糖含量变化与总糖一致,而甘草可溶性糖含量变化有时与总糖一致,有时则不一致。4在两种植物体内,全N含量分布同表现为根<茎<叶;C/N比值的变化则为根>茎>叶。5牛心朴子全生育期根系对全N的需求量小于甘草,而叶对全N的需求量却大于甘草。表明可溶性糖既是牛心朴子的主要光合产物储藏物,是生长的主要能源物质,又是干旱胁迫下最好的渗透调节剂。牛心朴子对氮素营养的需求量少,植株体的生长量也小,这就降低对水分的敏感性,耐干旱耐瘠薄的能力相对强于甘草。     

Field evaluation of the synthetic female sex pheromone of the citrus flower moth,Prays Citri (mill.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and related compounds

The synthetic female sex pheromone ofPrays citri, (Z)-7-tetradecenal, proved to be highly attractive to male moths in the field when released from a variety of dispensers in five different designs of sticky trap. When the pheromone was released from impregnated polyethylene vials, a wide range of initial loadings from 10 μg to 20 mg was attractive, and loadings of 40 μg and above were more attractive than a virgin female moth. Initial loadings of 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg remained attractive for at least five months in the field. Release rates of pheromone from the polyethylene vials under constant laboratory conditions were measured for two different initial loadings. Other isomers of the pheromone and a pheromone ‘mimic’, (Z)-5-dodecenyl formate, were unattractive to male moths and did not affect the attractiveness of the synthetic pheromone or of a virgin female moth.     

扁蓿豆遗传多样性研究初探

论述了扁蓿豆遗传多样性研究的依据,利用不同生境条件下生长的野生和栽培品种,采用形态标记、细胞标记、生化标记和分子标记的方法多方面地对扁蓿豆进行遗传多样性的研究。     

用抗虫体表膜抗原抗体测定犬细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原

利用Echinococcus granulosus(Eg)成虫表膜抗原抗体夹心ELISA方法检测犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的粪抗原.首先提取Eg成虫表膜抗原,制备抗Eg成虫表膜抗原的血清,然后用间接ELISA和Western blotting方法检测其抗原抗体反应及免疫原性,用间接免疫组化方法对Eg成虫表膜蛋白进行组织定位.利...     

Effects of medetomidine premedication on propofol infusion anaesthesia in dogs

Observations of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were made on six dogs anaesthetized on two separate occasions for 120 minutes with a propofol infusion, once without premedication and once following premedication with 10 μg kg-¹ of intramuscular medetomidine. During anaesthesia the heart rate and cardiac index tended to be lower following medetomidine premedication, while the mean arterial pressure was significantly greater (p<0.05). Although the differences were not statistically significant, the systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance and stroke volume index were also greater in dogs given medetomidine. The mean arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions were similar under both regimens, but in 2 dogs supplementary oxygen had to be administered during anaesthesia to alleviate severe hypoxaemia on both occasions they were anaesthetized. Minute and tidal volumes of respiration tended to be greater in dogs not given medetomidine but medetomidine premedication appeared to have no effect on venous admixture. Dogs given medetomidine received intramuscular atipamezole at the end of the 120 min. propofol infusion; the mean time from induction of anaesthesia to walking without ataxia was 174. min in the unpremedicated dogs and 160 min. in the dogs given atipamezole. The mean blood propofol concentration at which the dogs walked without ataxia was higher in the unpremedicated animals (2.12 ± 0.077 μg. ml-¹ compared with 1.27 ± 0.518 μg. ml-¹ in the premedicated dogs). The oxygen delivery to the tissues was lower after medetomidine premedication (p = 0.03) and the oxygen consumption was generally lower after medetomidine premedication but the difference did not achieve statistical significance. No correlation could be demonstrated between blood propofol concentration and cardiac index, systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance indices, systolic, diastolic or mean arterial blood pressures.     

Neospora abortions in dairy cattle: diagnosis, mode of transmission and control

AIM: To determine the contribution of Neospora caninum to abortions on a dairy farm in NSW (Australia), determine the mode of transmission and develop and trial a control option for infection. METHODS: Two whole herd bleeds were conducted 12 months apart and the association between serological status and abortion events were calculated for a number of bovine abortifacients. Family trees were constructed for N. caninum seropositive cattle in the herd. Some N. caninum seropositive cows were culled from the herd and no female offspring was retained from seropositive cows. RESULTS: At the first whole-herd bleed in December 2002 a seroprevalence of 10.2% for N. caninum infection was detected. Cows with N. caninum infection were 13 times more likely to abort than uninfected ones. Seventy-five percent of seropositive animals in the herd were related, suggesting a high degree of congenital infection/transmission. Only 15% of infections were likely to be postnatally acquired. Selective culling of seropositive cows and not breeding from them reduced the number of seropositive animals. Only one newly sero-converted cow was detected at the second whole-herd bleed 12 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Seroepidemiological approaches were able to establish a high degree of association between N. caninum infection and low-level abortion in the dairy herd. Vertical transmission of infection was the predominant mode of infection and hence control efforts aimed at selectively culling seropositive animals from the herd were highly successful in reducing the level of infection.     

咸淡水轮灌对土壤盐分和作物产量的影响研究

通过对100 cm深度土壤的盐分分布状况以及作物产量进行分析,结果表明,3 g/L的微咸水可以作为小麦和玉米的灌溉用水,但连续使用会导致土壤发生积盐,组合灌溉最好采用咸淡交替的方式;综合土壤的积盐状况和作物产量分析,淡淡咸的组合灌溉顺序为最优方案。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土水盐分布及蒸发特征

为了揭示秸秆覆盖滨海盐渍土水盐调控机理,通过室内模拟实验研究了不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 kg/m2分别由CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表示)对土壤水盐运移和蒸发强度的影响.结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高表层及土壤剖面含水率,且增墒效果随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加:试验期间秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C...     

秸秆生物炭输入对冻融期黑土表层无机氮磷垂直迁移的影响

为研究秸秆生物炭输入对冻融期黑土表层无机氮磷垂直迁移的影响,采用室内模拟冻融循环试验,设置冻融与不冻融、冻融循环次数和生物炭施加量3个影响因素,分析冻融作用下不同秸秆生物炭输入量土壤表层无机氮磷垂直迁移特征。结果表明:(1)冻融与不冻融、冻融循环次数及生物炭施加量对黑土表层NO3-—N、NH4+—N和PO43-—P垂直迁移液总体积、迁移液总浓度及迁移总量均有极显著影响。(2)淋溶时间随冻融作用增强而缩短,随生物炭施加量增加而延长。所有处理迁移液总体积均随生物炭输入量的增加呈降低趋势。未冻融组迁移液总体积随培养期增加呈现缓慢下降趋势,冻融组处理迁移液总体积在第5次冻融循环试验出现急剧增加,而后趋于平稳。(3)分析冻融作用下秸秆生物炭施入对无机氮磷垂直迁移累积影响,同一控制时间内生物炭对冻融组无机氮磷垂直迁移量的抑制作用大于不冻融组,且随生物炭施入量增加对无机氮磷垂直迁移的抑制作用增强。由于土壤物理性质的改变,冻融组NO3-—N、NH4+—N和PO43-—P累积迁移量均在第5次冻融循环左右发生急剧变化。综上可知,生物炭在冻融期可以有效的固持养分,研究结果可为寒冷地区解冻期面源污染防治提供一定的理论支持。