安徽池州市茶轮斑病病原鉴定及4种杀菌剂对其抑制性

茶轮斑病是安徽产茶区近年来发生的重要病害,可导致叶片脱落甚至植株死亡,严重影响其经济价值。为明确茶树轮斑病病原菌种类和对杀菌剂敏感性,采用组织分离法获得病原菌,并通过柯赫氏法则验证,之后采用形态特征结合分子生物学方法鉴定病原菌的分类地位;应用生长速率法测定了4种常见杀菌剂对该病原菌生长的抑制效果。结果表明,茶树轮斑病的病原菌为茶拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis theae;50％多菌灵可湿性粉剂对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,其致死中浓度（EC₅₀）最小,为0.03 μg·mL^-1。     

油菜专用长效配方肥对新疆春油菜产量及肥料利用效率的影响

【目的】研究新疆春油菜区,施用油菜专用长效配方肥对其产量、肥料利用效率的影响,筛选出最佳施肥量。【方法】以不施肥、习惯用肥为对照处理,以专用长效配方肥不同NPK比例为试验处理,在成熟期对地上部生物产量、各部位养分积累量、产量进行测定,计算分析表征肥料利用效率。【结果】随着油菜专用肥使用量的增加,成熟期有效株数、每株荚角数、每荚粒数、籽粒产量、肥料增产率均呈现先增加,后降低的趋势,处理5增产率最大(55.64%),其次是处理2(51.79%),处理5的籽粒产量、茎秆产量最高,分别为3 799.92、7 579.95 kg/hm²;不同处理地上部养分投入产出差异显著,处理3、4、5 N产出量均大于投入量;表征肥料利用效率计算分析发现处理3肥料中N的养分利率最高(89.8%),处理5肥料中P₂O₅的养分利率最高(46.9%);肥料表观利用率最高的是处理3(86.84%),其次是处理5(85.27%),且处理5肥料农学利用率最大(4.837 0),较习惯用肥(处理2)高出2.037。【结论】在新疆春油菜区施用专用肥600 kg/hm²(处理5),N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别为10.0、4.8和3.6 kg/hm²,肥料增产率最高(54.16%),籽粒产量3 799.92 kg/hm²,与对照、习惯用肥达到显著差异,且实现油菜高产目标同时更需要关注地力培肥和平衡施肥。     

叶面喷施硅素对玫瑰香果实风味物质的影响

【目的】研究叶面喷施不同剂量硅素对玫瑰香果实风味物质及常规品质指标的定向调控效果,为玫瑰香葡萄生产中合理叶面喷布硅肥、品质定向调控提供科学依据。【方法】采用气相离子迁移谱技术(GC-IMS),检测分析玫瑰香果实风味物质等指标。【结果】在叶面喷施硅素处理的玫瑰香果实中检测出挥发性有机物47种,其中定性了32种,主要包括酯类、醛类、醇类和酮类。与CK相比,硅素浓度为200X时,乙酸丁酯的峰体积增大56.28%;硅素浓度400X时,苯甲酸甲酯的峰体积增大176.45%;600X时,乙酸丁酯的峰体积增大42.52%。对比发现,2-戊基呋喃、正己醇(二聚体)、正己醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯(二聚体)、3-甲基丁醛等物质随叶喷硅素浓度升高,体积逐渐减小甚至消失。【结论】600X与CK相似,200X与400X相似。400X时,玫瑰香葡萄糖含量最高,为17.04%;总酸含量最少,为0.35%。     

不同氮肥处理对荞麦干物质积累、农艺性状及产量的影响

为探索陕甘宁黄土高原地区栽培荞麦高产最适施氮量,以甜荞品种——西农9976为试验材料,设置4个氮肥水平,2016年施肥水平为:0 (N0)、45 (N45)、135 (N135)和225kg/hm2(N225);2017年施肥水平为:0(N0)、90(N90)、180(N180)和270kg/hm2(N270),比较不同施氮量下荞麦产量和主要农艺性状,分析叶绿素含量和各器官干物质积累的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,不同氮肥处理均能提高荞麦的株高、一级分枝数、二级分枝数、单株花簇数、千粒重和单株粒数,使其产量显著上升;荞麦主茎叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD)随施氮量增加先上升后降低;荞麦各器官干物质积累量与施氮量呈正相关,但在苗期和初花期,荞麦各器官干物质积累量随施氮量增加呈抛物线。因此,生产上建议陕甘宁黄土高原地区荞麦生长过程中投入180kg/hm2的氮肥,且注重施氮比例及时期,以此达到最佳的生产效益。     

黑龙江省农区与垦区农村居民点空间格局特征及差异

为探寻粮食主产区不同农业发展水平下农村居民点空间分布特征及差异,以黑龙江富锦市为例,采用GIS空间分析、地统计、景观指数方法分析农区与垦区农村居民点空间格局特征,结果表明:1)空间分布上,农区与垦区居民点均属集聚模式,最高核密度分别为0.93和0.73km~(-2),农区居民点密集程度相对较高;2)规模分布上,农区居民点规模呈全局低值集聚,表现为大规模、小规模集聚和随机分布3种模式;垦区居民点规模呈全局高值集聚,显著性较低,主要为大规模集聚和随机分布2种模式;3)形态分布上,农区居民点斑块形态空间分布格局表现出随机特性,空间分异格局中的随机成分较高;垦区居民点斑块形态变化具有连续性和规律性,由空间自相关引起的空间结构分异较为显著。结合农区与垦区居民点空间格局特征,提出差别化的居民点空间整治与重构模式,为城乡融合背景下乡村重构与农村居民点整理提供参考。     

不同熟期玉米品种对桂西北春、秋季播期的响应

[目的]探讨桂西北玉米生态区春、秋季播期对不同熟期玉米品种生长发育、产量及其构成因素的影响,为该区域玉米的高产稳产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]以近年广西农作物品种审定委员会审定通过的3个不同熟期玉米品种(早熟品种青青700、中熟品种桂单0810和晚熟品种华优168)为试验材料,春播设6个播期处理:2月20日(T1)、2月27日(T2)、3月6日(T3)、3月13日(T4)、3月20日(T5)和3月27日(T6);秋播设5个播期处理:7月28日(T7)、8月4日(T8)、8月11日(T9)、8月18日(T10)和8月25日(T11).分别调查玉米的物候期、生长发育情况、产量及其构成因素.[结果]随播期推迟,春播玉米全生育期逐渐缩短,其缩短时间主要体现在播种至抽雄阶段,抽雄至成熟阶段也出现不同程度的缩短;秋播玉米全生育期逐渐延长,其延长时间主要体现在出苗至抽雄阶段,平均延长天数占全生育期延长天数的59.6%.玉米的株高、穗位高在春播和秋播中随播期的推迟呈现低—高—低的变化趋势,不同品种、播期间存在显著差异(P<0.05,下同).春播对玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数和出籽率影响不显著(P>0.05),对早、中熟品种的百粒重和产量影响极显著(P<0.01,下同),其最大值均出现在T2处理;对晚熟品种产量影响极显著,最大值出现在T3处理.秋播不同播期对早熟品种的穗粒数、百粒重、出籽率和产量影响显著或极显著,最大值出现在T8~T9处理;对中熟品种出籽率和产量影响极显著,最大值均为T8处理;对晚熟品种穗长、百粒重、出籽率和产量影响极显著,最大值出现在T7~T8处理.[结论]春播玉米随播期推迟生育期缩短,早、中熟品种产量受播期影响程度大于晚熟品种;秋播玉米随播期推迟生育期延长,中熟品种的产量稳定性较早、晚熟品种强.百粒重是影响春播玉米产量的主要因子,出籽率是影响不同熟期玉米品种秋播产量的共同因子.桂西北春播玉米早、中熟品种的适宜播期在2月下旬—3月上旬,晚熟品种可略为延迟,但最迟不宜超过3月中旬;秋播玉米的适宜播期在7月下旬—8月初.     

Closing the nitrogen use efficiency gap and reducing the environmental impact of wheat-maize cropping on smallholder farms in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

A high crop yield with the minimum possible cost to the environment is generally desirable. However, the complicated relationships among crop production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and environmental impacts must be clearly assessed. We conducted a series of on-farm N application rate experiments to establish the linkage between crop yield and N₂O emissions in the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. We also examined crop yield, partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) and reactive N (Nr) losses through a survey of 1 529 and 1 497 smallholder farms that grow wheat and maize, respectively, in the region. The optimum N rates were 175 and 214 kg ha^–1 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, thereby achieving the yields of 6 799 and 7 518 kg ha^–1, correspondingly, with low N₂O emissions based on on-farm N rate experiments. Among the smallholder farms, the average N application rates were 215 and 294 kg ha^–1 season^–1, thus producing 6 490 and 6 220 kg ha^–1 of wheat and maize, respectively. The corresponding PFPN values for the two crops were 36.8 and 21.2 kg N kg^–1, and the total N₂O emissions were 1.50 and 3.88 kg ha^–1, respectively. High N balance, large Nr losses and elevated N₂O emissions could be explained by the overdoses of N application and low grain yields under the current farming practice. The crop yields, N application rates, PFPN and total N₂O for wheat and maize were 18 and 24% higher, 42 and 37% less, 75 and 116% higher, and 42 and 47% less, correspondingly, in the high-yield and high-PFPN group than in the average smallholder farms. In conclusion, closing the PFPN gap between the current average and the value for the high-yield and high-PFPN group would increase crop production and reduce Nr losses or the total N₂O emissions for the investigated cropping system in Northwest China.     

Molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene YrH9017 in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3

Several new stripe rust pathogen races emerged in the wheat growing regions of China in recent years. These races were virulent to most of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Thus, it is necessary and worthwhile to identify new valuable resistant materials for the sake of diversifying resistant sources, pyramiding different resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. Here, we identified the resistance gene, temporarily designated as YrH9017, in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3. A total of 146 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 families in a cross of Mingxian 169 and H9017-14-16-5-3 were used to evaluate seedling stripe rust response and as a mapping population. Finally, we constructed a genetic map including eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. YrH9017 was located on the long arm of chromosome 2A and closely linked with two EST-sequence tagged site (EST-STS) markers BG604577 and BE471201 at 1.3 and 1.8 cM distance, respectively. The two closest markers could be used for marker-assisted selection of YrH9017 in breeding.     

Cryopreservation of farm animal gametes and embryos: recent updates and progress

Cryopreservation has undergone tremendous advances and is widely used in animal production based on decades of study of cellular permeability, freezability and empirical generalization. Several improvement are particularly important: the cryopreservation protocol has been continuously refined over the years to achieve greater reproductive performance; cryoprotective agents are more effective and less toxic than previously; there has been significant innovation in advanced cryopreservation systems and carriers. Despite this, there are still problems that urgently require practical solutions, such as remedies for cryodamage and encouraging the use of frozen–thawed porcine sperm in pig production.     

Innovations of phosphorus sustainability: implications for the whole chain

Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource, therefore ensuring global food and environmental security depends upon sustainable P management. To achieve this goal, sustainable P management in the upstream and downstream sectors of agriculture from mineral extraction to food consumption must be addressed systematically. The innovation and feasibility of P sustainability are highlighted from the perspective of the whole P-based chain, including the mining and processing of P rock, production of P fertilizers, soil and rhizosphere processes involving P, absorption and utilization of P by plants, P in livestock production, as well as flow and management of P at the catchment scale. The paper also emphasizes the importance of recycling P and the current challenges of P recovery. Finally, sustainable solutions of holistic P management are proposed from the perspective of technology improvement with policy support.