Comparative functional anatomy of hindlimb muscles and bones with reference to aquatic adaptation of the sea otter

Although the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a complete aquatic species, spending its entire life in the ocean, it has been considered morphologically to be a semi-aquatic animal. This study aimed to clarify the unique hindlimb morphology and functional adaptations of E. lutris in comparison to other Mustelidae species. We compared muscle mass and bone measurements of five Mustelidae species: the sea otter, Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra), American mink (Neovison vison), Japanese weasel (Mustela itatsi) and Siberian weasel (M. sibirica). In comparison with the other 4 species, E. lutris possessed significantly larger gluteus, popliteus and peroneus muscles, but smaller adductor and ischiopubic muscles. The popliteus muscle may act as a medial rotator of the crus, and the peroneus muscle may act as an abductor of the fifth toe and/or the pronator of the foot. The bundles of the gluteus superficialis muscle of E. lutris were fused with those of the tensor fasciae latae muscle and gluteofemoralis muscles, and they may play a role in femur abduction. These results suggest that E. lutris uses the abducted femur, medially rotated crus, eversion of the ankle and abducted fifth digit or extended interdigital web as a powerful propulsion generator. Therefore, we conclude that E. lutris is a complete aquatic animal, possessing differences in the proportions of the hindlimb muscles compared with those in other semi-aquatic and terrestrial mustelids.     

基于遗传多样性评估燕麦品种的农艺性状

为客观评价燕麦种质资源重要农艺性状的遗传多样性,并为黑龙江地区燕麦新品种选育提供关键数据,对51份燕麦种质资源13个农艺性状进行了形态多样性指数分析,并对其中的9个数量性状进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,各性状的遗传多样性指数均较大,遗传多样性指数最高的是主穗长(1.517),其次为株高(1.448)和主穗粒重(1.414),性状变异系数最大的是主穗小穗数(34.8%),其次为主穗粒重(33.1%)和单株分蘖数(27.4%);聚类分析将51份燕麦品种的9个数量性状分为4大类群,类群Ⅰ为有益性状不明显,为多目标性状育种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为选育矮秆育种目标亲本材料,类群Ⅲ为高杆、增加分蘖数育种目标亲本材料,类群Ⅳ为选育大粒型、多轮层数、多小穗数等育种目标亲本材料。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分对变异的累计贡献率为70.09%,第一主成分反映种子产量,第二主成反映单株分蘖数,第三主成分反映株高。     

氮、磷、钾配施对草原3号苜蓿干草产量的影响

采用“3414”试验设计对草原3号苜蓿进行大田施肥,通过对苜蓿干草产量进行多元回归分析和模拟寻优分析来探索氮、磷、钾肥的肥料效应。结果表明,施肥在不同程度上增加了苜蓿干草产量,增产幅度在7.20%~26.85%之间,增产最高的施肥处理是P2K1N1;在单因子施肥效应中,苜蓿干草产量随着磷肥施入量增加而增加,随着钾肥和氮肥施入量增加而先增加后降低。在两因子互作效应中,氮磷、磷钾互作对苜蓿干草产量具有一定的促进作用,氮钾互作对苜蓿干草产量具有一定抑制作用。通过模拟寻优分析得到最优施肥配比为P2O5 180.22kg/hm^2、K2O 52.82kg/hm^2、N 41.84kg/hm^2,产量达11257.09kg/hm^2。磷、钾、氮以及饲草产量的最优配比区间分别为178.2~182.33kg/hm^2、51.38~54.38kg/hm^2、40.8~42.9kg/hm^2、11247.36~11266.82kg/hm^2。     

彭水县野生药用蜜粉源植物资源

位于重庆市东南部的彭水县因亚热带湿润季风气候使其生物资源丰富,种类繁多。对彭水县蜜粉源植物调查发现150余种蜜粉源植物,其中野生具有药用价值的99种,隶属于49科,84属。重要的药用蜜粉源植物有盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)、川莓(Rubus setchuenensis Bureau et Franch.)、川续断(Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M.Ai)、大叶醉鱼草(Buddleja davidii Franch.)等。     

种鹅产蛋高峰期与休产期繁殖生理指标的比较

为比较分析产蛋高峰期与休产期种鹅繁殖生理的差异,本试验在明确种鹅产蛋规律的基础上,分别于2月和8月随机取种母鹅15只和种公鹅10只,进行翅静脉采血,测定血液生化指标和生殖激素指标,再从中随机取种母鹅6只和种公鹅3只屠宰,取下丘脑、垂体,运用实时荧光定量PCR测定相关基因的相对表达量.结果表明,产蛋高峰期种鹅血液总蛋白、白蛋白、促黄体素和催乳素浓度以及促性腺激素释放激素基因和卵泡刺激素基因相对表达量均极显著高于休产期种鹅(P＜0.01),而尿素氮含量极显著低于休产期种鹅(P＜0.01);种母鹅碱性磷酸酶含量极显著高于休产期种母鹅(P＜0.01),血液卵泡刺激素和雌二醇含量均显著高于休产期种母鹅(P＜0.05).     

归芪甘草汤对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为研究归芪甘草汤对小鼠免疫功能的影响,该药液由黄芪、当归、炙甘草、熟地和党参组成,经传统水煎法获得浓度为1 g/mL药液;以环磷酰胺诱导建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,培健康小鼠和免疫抑制小鼠灌服药液;在试验第15天,应用流式细胞技术、溶血素测定法和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能测定法,检测复方中药对小鼠T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4、CD8)、IgM和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响.结果显示对免疫抑制小鼠,灌服药液和灌服蒸馏水小鼠相比较,CD4+/CD8+、IgM、吞噬功能百分率和吞噬指数差异极显著(P＜0 01);对健康小鼠,灌服药液和灌服蒸馏水小鼠相比较,CD4+ /CD8+比值差异不显著(P＞0.05),IgM值和吞噬百分率差异显著(P＜0.05),吞噬指数差异极显著(P＜0.01).表明归芪甘草汤具有增强昆明系小鼠免疫功能的作用,尤其是对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能增强更为显著.     

蝗虫微孢子虫病在草原蝗虫中扩散传播的研究

检验了蝗虫微孢子虫在草原蝗虫中感染情况,结果是在长时间和近距离时感染率高.     

不同剂量克罗米芬对丝羽乌骨鸡产蛋性能的影响

试验旨在了解不同剂量克罗米芬（clomifene citrate）对丝羽乌骨鸡产蛋性能的影响。将120只丝羽乌骨鸡随机分为4组。试验1组每只鸡每天口服克罗米芬15 mg,试验2组每只鸡每天口服20 mg,试验3组每只鸡每天口服25 mg,第4组为对照组,不使用药物。药物使用方法为每天的药物研碎后添加在12∶00饲喂的日粮中喂服。药物使用疗程为每7 d为一个疗程,连续喂服2 d、停药5 d,共使用2个疗程。结果表明,不同添加剂量的克罗米芬不影响丝羽乌骨鸡的产蛋率和种蛋合格率,但能够减弱抱窝个体的发生。     

H3亚型猪流感病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

通过RT-PCR方法克隆了H3亚型猪流感病毒HA基因一段靶序列,构建重组质粒作为标准阳性模板.根据GenBank中的H3亚型猪流感病毒HA基因保守序列设计了用于FQ-PCR的1对引物和1条TaqMan探针.通过条件优化,以10倍系列稀释的质粒为标准品进行荧光定量PCR扩增,并制作标准曲线,建立了检测H3亚型猪流感的荧光定量PCR方法.结果表明,该方法检测灵敏度可达1.0×100拷贝/μL,线性范围为109～100,达10个数量级;对起始浓度为1.0×109、1.0×108、1.0×107拷贝/μL的标准品的最终实际测得值(Ct)分别为13.68,18.21和20.57;变异系数分别为0.31%、0.17%和0.12%,均小于5%,说明此方法具有良好的准确性和重现性.对阳性组织病料的检测表明,该方法的检测灵敏度高出常规PCR,与套式PCR具有相近的灵敏度.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE BRAIN AT 7 T

The purpose of this study was to describe relevant canine brain structures as seen on T2-weighted images following magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 7 T and to compare the results with imaging at 1.5 T. Imaging was performed on five healthy laboratory beagle dogs using 1.5 and 7 T clinical scanners. At 1.5 T, spin echo images were acquired, while gradient echo images were acquired at 3 T. Image quality and conspicuity of anatomic structures were evaluated qualitatively by direct comparison of the images obtained from the two different magnetic fields. The signal-to-nose ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated and compared between 1.5 and 7 T. The T2-weighted images at 7 T provided good spatial and contrast resolution for the identification of clinically relevant brain anatomy; these images provided better delineation and conspicuity of the brain stem and cerebellar structures, which were difficult to unequivocally identify at 1.5 T. However, frontal and parietal lobe and the trigeminal nerve were difficult to identify at 7 T due to susceptibility artifact. The SNR and CNR of the images at 7 T were significantly increased up to 318% and 715% compared with the 1.5 T images. If some disadvantages of 7 T imaging, such as susceptibility artifacts, technical difficulties, and high cost, can be improved, 7 T clinical MR imaging could provide a good experimental and diagnostic tool for the evaluation of canine brain disorders.