不同种植方式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响

为探索不同种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运与分配特征及产量的影响,选用大穗型小麦品种农大1108为试验材料,研究在大田生产中主要的4种种植方式(穴播、撒播、窄幅条播和宽幅条播)对冬小麦花后各器官干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,4种种植方式下花后各器官的干物质积累量变化趋势基本一致,且均表现为窄幅条播显著高于其他3组处理;窄幅条播主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产;与宽幅条播相比,窄幅条播花后营养器官干物质积累量及干物质在籽粒中的积累量分别增加45.59%和19.44%;与穴播和撒播相比,窄幅条播产量分别提高17.25%和11.39%;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为穴播最高,达到80.26%。不同种植方式对冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率影响不大,表现为各处理间千粒重差异不显著。     

夜间补光对小麦叶片激素含量及光合特性的影响

为探究夜间补光对小麦生育后期的调控作用,以冬小麦品种豫农186为材料,以自然光照时间为对照,在小麦抽穗后设置夜间人工补光2h、4h和6h三个处理,研究补光时间对小麦叶片内源激素含量、光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,夜间补光可增加小麦叶面积及旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,以补光6h的效果最显著。与自然对照相比,夜间补光显著增加旗叶GA3、IAA、ZR含量,且激素含量的升高幅度随补光时间的延长而增加,但ABA含量受影响较小。夜间补光能显著提高灌浆前期和中期籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重和产量,其中补光6h处理的最大灌浆速率比自然对照增大16.21%,产量提高14.07%。说明小麦抽穗后适当延长光照时间有利于叶片的生长发育,可提高激素含量和光合效率,促进籽粒灌浆,增加产量。     

拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法的评估

为给拉面质量评价、拉面用粉标准的制定提供感官评价方法,采用走访询问、现场调查和网络交流等方式,收集拉面师傅对实验室制定的拉面制作过程感官评价方法的意见和建议;以餐饮市场常用小麦粉为样品原料,在兰州市和北京市分别开展消费者对拉面产品感官评价要素重视程度的问卷调查,分析、评估和确定了拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法。88.89%的拉面师傅认为,所制定的拉面制作过程和感官评价方法可以概括拉面制作的整个过程,其对评价指标的重视程度依次为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度""断条扣数及均匀性""跐面力度及黏手程度""醒发后面团色泽"="拉伸力大小";制定的拉面制作工艺可使大多数小麦粉满足加工工艺要求。消费者对产品感官评价要素的重视程度由高到低为弹性色泽硬度光滑性表观黏性;消费者完全可以区分出拉面用小麦粉的质量优劣。本研究制定的方法可用于拉面制作过程和产品感官质量的评价。在百分制评价体系中,拉面制作过程感官评价赋值分别为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度"35分、"断条扣数及均匀性"20分、"跐面力度及黏手程度"15分、"醒发后面团色泽"15分、"拉伸力大小"15分;拉面产品消费者感官评价赋值分别为"弹性"30分、"硬度"20分、"色泽"20分、"表观性状"10分、"光滑性"10分、"黏性"5分、"食味"5分。     

Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343 carries residual additive resistance against virulent stripe rust pathotype

With continuous outbreaks of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) epidemics and rapid breakdown of deployed resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in North West Plains Zone (NWPZ) in India warrant knowledge and deployment of new and durable sources of resistance to stripe rust. Bread wheat cultivar PBW 343, until recently the most widely cultivated wheat variety in India, is now highly susceptible to stripe rust (score 9 on a 1–9 scale), whereas PBW 621 (score 5.05–5.65) and HD 2967 (score 5.40–6.20) show low levels of resistance. We conducted an experiment, spanning three crop seasons (2013–2014 to 2015–2016), in which parental lines, F₁ and F₂ populations, F₃ and F₄ families from two bread wheat crosses, PBW 621/PBW 343 and HD 2967/PBW 343 were generated and evaluated for stripe rust resistance against a virulent pathotype. While the F₁ revealed partial dominance, the segregation pattern for stripe rust resistance in F₂ and F₃ showed transgressive segregation for resistance in both crosses. Chi-square analysis indicated that resistant segregants possessed two genes, one contributed by PBW 621 or HD 2967 (depending on the cross) and the other, unexpectedly but obviously, came from the most susceptible cultivar, PBW 343. Possible genetic mechanisms for this residual resistance and implications for breeding programs are discussed.     

Breeding opportunities for early,free-threshing and semi-dwarf <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum monococcum</Emphasis> L.

Einkorn wheat, Triticum monococcum L. (2n = 2x = 14, A^mA^m genome), is a primitive, cultivated form of diploid wheat. The shortcoming of einkorn is that it lacks the free-threshing habit. Early heading and semi-dwarf traits are also required to fit modern agricultural practice. In the present study we developed T. monococcum pre-breeding germplasm having early, free threshing traits by utilizing an early heading source, two sources of soft glume (spike) and three sources of semi-dwarfism to combine their phenotypes into pre-breeding materials. We found two different genes determined free threshing of einkorn wheat. One of them was the sog (soft glume) gene from Triticum sinskajae Filat. et Kurkiev (2n = 2x = 14, A^mA^m genome) and another was the sos (soft spike) gene, which was completely linked or pleiotropic with the gene for semi-dwarfism. The genes sos, spd (short peduncle) and sd17654 (semi-dwarf CItr 17654) were utilized to develop semi-dwarf T. monococcum lines. Field performance of 6 early and free-threshing pre-breeding materials with sos and spd genes were tested over three crop seasons. Five semi-dwarf pre-breeding materials (PBMs) were obtained. However, these materials had slightly less grain yield than #252 (tall and hulled check) and PBM-1 (tall free-threshing check). Harvest index of the pre-breeding materials was improved due to the presence of sos and spd genes. If optimized cultivation practice is performed, these pre-breeding materials can be utilized as sources of early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf traits to produce modern T. monococcum varieties.     

Association mapping reveals loci associated with multiple traits that affect grain yield and adaptation in soft winter wheat

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are useful to facilitate crop improvement via enhanced knowledge of marker-trait associations (MTA). A GWAS for grain yield (GY), yield components, and agronomic traits was conducted using a diverse panel of 239 soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes evaluated across two growing seasons and eight site-years. Analysis of variance showed significant environment, genotype, and genotype-by-environment effects for GY and yield components. Narrow sense heritability of GY (h ²  = 0.48) was moderate compared to other traits including plant height (h ²  = 0.81) and kernel weight (h ²  = 0.77). There were 112 significant MTA (p < 0.0005) detected for eight measured traits using compressed mixed linear models and 5715 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. MTA for GY and agronomic traits coincided with previously reported QTL for winter and spring wheat. Highly significant MTA for GY showed an overall negative allelic effect for the minor allele, indicating selection against these alleles by breeders. Markers associated with multiple traits observed on chromosomes 1A, 2D, 3B, and 4B with positive minor effects serve as potential targets for marker assisted breeding to select for improvement of GY and related traits. Following marker validation, these multi-trait loci have the potential to be utilized for MAS to improve GY and adaptation of soft red winter wheat.     

耕作模式对土壤生物活性与养分有效性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探讨长期玉米秸秆还田下不同耕作模式对土壤生化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,从2011年10月至2016年6月连续5个冬小麦生长季进行田间定位试验。设4个耕作处理,分别是连续旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、连续旋耕秸秆还田(RS)、连续深耕秸秆还田(DS)及前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田(TS)。与RT相比,连续5年秸秆还田显著提高0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物多样性分别提高23.1%~59.3%、13.2%~40.7%、14.1%~28.8%、10.9%~19.5%和31.9%~42.5%。秸秆还田使各土层变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门及放线菌门的相对丰度显著提高,而酸杆菌门相对丰度则显著降低。与DS及TS相比,RS显著提高0~10 cm土层土壤养分状况及生物活性,10~30 cm土层则显著降低。连续旋耕至第3年,无论秸秆还田与否,小麦均表现减产;DS与TS处理则表现持续增产,平均年增产3.2%和3.9%。本研究表明在黄淮海东部地区,秸秆还田条件下,2年旋耕后接1年深耕的耕作模式有助于改善耕层土壤质量和提高冬小麦生产力。     

早熟鲜食枣新品种‘串枣’

 ‘串枣’是从山东省济南市南部山区枣树实生群体中选出的早熟鲜食新品种。果实椭圆形,平均单果质量14.47 g,最大23.16 g;成熟果实红色,果面光滑,果肉浅绿色,肉质细腻,风味甜,品质佳。果核0.4 g,含仁率40%。鲜果可溶性固形物31.5%,可滴定酸4.11 g · kg^-1,可食率96.7%,维生素C 3.039 mg · g^-1。在济南市南部山区8月下旬果实成熟,果实发育期80 ~ 85 d。早熟,丰产,稳产,耐瘠薄,耐干旱,适应性强,适合在枣产区栽植。     

优质甜橙新品种‘津香橙’

 ‘津香橙’是由‘梨橙’（母本）与‘强德勒红心柚’（父本）杂交培育出的优质无核甜橙新品种。果实近圆球形,单果质量150 ~ 160 g,种子数0.6粒以下;果面光滑,深橙色,油胞细密;果肉细嫩化渣,酸甜适中,风味浓郁,可溶性固形物含量13.1%,总酸9.6 mg · mL^-1,总糖102.6 mg · mL^-1,维生素C含量468 mg · L^-1,可食率70.7%,出汁率57.3%。树势强健,丰产性好,在10年‘梨橙’中间砧上高接换头第3年株产达到40.58 kg。成熟期在11月下旬。适宜重庆及相似生态区年均温17.5 ℃以上区域种植。     

Correlation between Mnk2 protein expression and prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the protein expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase-2 (Mnk2) and its prognostic effect in the patients with resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: A total of 86 informative patients with surgically resected ESCC and 54 normal esophageal tissues were enrolled. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were utilized to assess the protein expression of Mnk2, and its correlation with prognosis was statistically analyzed by the methods of Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox proportional hazard mode. RESULTS: The protein expression of Mnk2 was elevated in most of tumor tissues compared with the adjacent tissues. Clinicopathologic analysis showed that Mnk2 expression was significantly correlated with the TNM stage (P<0.05). Both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of Mnk2 over-expression patients were shorter than those in Mnk2 negative expression group. Multivariate analysis confirmed that Mnk2 expression, as an independent and significant factor for both DFS and OS, predicted a poor prognosis of the patients with resected ESCC (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of Mnk2 was significantly related to the TNM stages, and might be a novel predictor for prognosis in ESCC.