小麦籽粒灌浆参数变异及与粒重的相关性分析

以5个小麦品种为材料,采用Logistic模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程,对籽粒灌浆参数与粒重的相关性进行分析。结果表明,灌浆参数在不同灌浆阶段存在显著差异,渐增期持续持续时间（T1）和缓增期持续时间（T3）变异系数较大,最大灌浆速率出现时间（Tmax）、灌浆持续期（T）、快增期持续时间（T2）则相对稳定;最大灌浆速率（Rmax）、平均灌浆速率（R）、快增期灌浆速率（R2）变异系数较小,相对稳定,渐增期灌浆速率（R1）和缓增期灌浆速率（R3）的变异系数较大,易受影响;T和R与千粒重呈极显著正相关,对千粒重（Y）作用较大,R的作用大于T;灌浆持续时T、R、R2和T2、R3和T3对Y作用显著。因此,可通过选育高平均灌浆速率（R）、高快增期灌浆速率（R2）的品种,配套适当的栽培措施来协调灌浆速率与灌浆持续时间的矛盾,达到增加粒重的目的。     

不同施肥制度下褐土微团聚体碳氮分布变化及其对肥力的影响

经8年田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土及其微团聚体碳、氮分布规律,从各级微团聚体组成变化及碳、氮储量角度探讨了不同施肥制度下土壤肥力的变化实质.结果表明,不同施肥制度下土壤微团聚体组成变化各异,不施肥和单施常景NPK化肥主要是由于lO～50μm粒级碳、氮储最降低而造成土壤肥力下降;增量NPK化肥可保持肥力不降低,但投入较高;有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥则主要通过增加大粒级特别是10～50μm粒级碳、氮储量而使土壤肥力水平得到提高.采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥是改善褐土肥力的有效措施.     

Efficient In Vitro Shoot-regeneration Systems in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Two different protocols for in vitro regeneration of cassava using zygotic embryos and nodal axillary meristems have been developed. In both cases, buds were regenerated directly from excised explants without an intervening callus phase after a two-step culture procedure. In cotyledonary explants derived from zygotic embryos, prolific shoot formation occurred within 2—3 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 0.5—5 mg/1 BAP alone or in combination with 0.1 mg/1 NAA. Nodal explants with axillary meristems derived from aseptically grown seedlings or stem cuttings were used to initiate a round compact bulb-like structure on MS medium containing 10 mg/1 BAP. These latter structures, when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/1 NAA, 1 mg/1 BAP and 0.1 mg/1 GA₃, produced multiple shoots. Somatic embryos isolated at the globular/torpedo stage from zygotic embryo explants were also capable of multiple shoot production on medium with 1 mg/1 BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots exceeded 95 % in phytohormone-free MS medium. No change in their ploidy levels was observed. Therefore, the protocols developed should be of use in the particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of cassava.     

辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子萌发的自毒作用

采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液的化感效应.结果表明,辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子萌发的影响依供体部位、水浸液浓度和受体不同而有差异,辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽存在自毒作用.辣椒植株全株、根、茎、叶水浸提液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽表现为抑制作用,并随着浓度的增大,抑制作用增强,这表明辣椒植株水浸液对辣椒和番茄种子发芽有较强的自毒作用.综合而言,辣椒全株、根、茎、叶水浸液对辣椒的自毒作用强弱依次为叶>根>茎>全株,对番茄的自毒作用强弱依次为叶>全株>根>茎.显示辣椒叶水浸液的自毒作用最强.     

Effects of Deficit Drip Irrigation Ratios on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Fibre Quality

Increasing irrigation costs and declining water availability compel producers to adapt irrigation strategies for maximum crop yield and water use efficiency. A field trial was conducted to observe the effects of various drip irrigation ratios (IR-0, IR-25, IR-50, IR-75 and IR-100) on water use efficiency (WUE), the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), lint yield, yield components and fibre quality at two upland cotton varieties during 2004 and 2005. WUE was found to increase from 0.62 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ as the irrigation water applied was reduced from 100 % to 75 % of soil water depletion. Deficit irrigation of cotton with drip irrigation at 75 % treatment level (IR-75) did not decrease seed cotton yield and yield components during 2 years, with the exception of the number of bolls in 2005. Among fibre quality parameters, no significant differences in fibre length, fineness, uniformity index and elongation were detected between the 100 % and 75 % irrigation levels in 2005. The results revealed that irrigation of cotton with a drip irrigation method at 75 % level had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water without reducing yield, and high WUE indicated a definitive advantage of employing deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions.     

普通小麦品种(系)的醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)对70份普通小麦品种(系)的种子醇溶蛋白进行了分析.结果表明,供试材料醇溶蛋白谱带多态性很高,共检测到28条不同迁移率的清晰谱带.不同材料间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.28～0.92,平均为0.61,说明供试材料具有较丰富的遗传多样性.聚类分析将这些材料分成8大类和15个亚类.聚类结果在一定程度上反映了供试材料间的亲缘关系.     

The Optimization for Crop Planning and Some Advances for Water-Saving Crop Planning in the Semiarid Loess Plateau of China

The establishment of water-saving crop planning is an inevitable choice of the water-saving agriculture for the water-deficiency region in the arid and semiarid Loess Plateau of China and the world. The water-saving crop planning refers to the planting structure that centres the adjustment of the crop's adaptation to water, the optimization of temporal and spatial layout for crops, the local natural resources, marketing resources, human resources and financial input to enable region or basin with limited water resources to achieve the maximum economic, social and ecological benefits of planting industry under certain technology and economy. After the analysis on the research progress of optimization theory, optimization goals, optimization methods of water-saving cultivation structure and macro-control measures, it is pointed out that the main deficiencies of the current research of water-saving cultivation pattern optimization are lacking of a strong theoretical basis, and the immaturity of optimization technologies. The future crucial research direction will focus on five aspects such as the special optimization theory system, the division methods by studying the watershed unit and using 3S technology, optimization model based on multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, evaluation of rationality and macro-control measures on the basis of the public participation.     

宇宙射线中子法测量区域土壤水分准确性季节变化研究

为证实典型气象条件下宇宙射线中子法测量区域土壤水分准确性的差异和应用普适性,以季节为时间划分尺度,并选取典型气象条件时段,对比研究山地地形下垫面宇宙射线中子法(CRNS)与频域反射法(FDR)土壤水分连续观测效果差异.结果 表明:山地地形下垫面,CRNS水平测量足迹的季节变化较为稳定,垂直足迹在耕作层范围内有一定波动....     

不同工况下Y型网式过滤器流场数值模拟分析

为探究网式过滤器的水力性能,充分了解网式过滤器内部最初流场、滤芯网面流量分布情况,应用计算流体动力学方法对网式过滤器3种入口流速(0.5、1.5、2.5 m/s)以及3种滤网目数(60、80、100目)对过滤器流场进行数值模拟。通过试验对模拟结果的可靠性进行验证,结果表明：过滤器的水头损失集中在出口侧滤芯上,该部分水头损失占总损失的87%;水流在腔体内可分为出口侧加速区、出口侧减速区、堵头回流区和漩涡区4部分;滤网面流量分布严重不均,高流量区域主要分布在出口侧,入口流速由0.5 m/s增至2.5 m/s过程中,网面最大与最小流量均相差3.3倍,滤网目数为60、80、100目时,网面最大与最小流量相差3.3、3.1、2.3倍,且滤网目数增至100目时,最大与最小流量位置向两侧偏移;堵头处死水区压力大、流速低,泥沙易于沉淀,建议扩大堵头容积以承接更多的泥沙;可以考虑增大腔体体积、改变腔体角度、在入口处设置导流片,从而改善流场分布;建议在滤网上增加环状片体,改善网面流量分布,从而提高过滤器的使用寿命以及过滤效率。     

不同干燥方式下叶蛋白-辣椒素微胶囊理化特性研究

含有丰富蛋白资源的辣椒叶长期作为农业废弃物被掩埋和焚烧造成了严重的环境污染与资源浪费,同时辣椒素作为优质的天然生物抗菌物质因强烈的刺激性气味限制了其开发与应用.基于微胶囊技术方法以植物辣椒叶中提取的蛋白质为壁材,辣椒素为芯材,采用喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥法制备了叶蛋白辣椒素微胶囊,并利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里...