在人体气味的迷雾中探究

生活中往往就是这样:自以为熟悉的东西,其实我们并不了解。我们今天要提到的人体气味,似乎印证了这样的生活命题。谁都感知过人体自身的气味,但谁又能真正地     

基于无人机成像高光谱的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型构建

为快速、实时、准确地了解新疆棉田棉叶螨(优势种为土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani)的发生情况,利用高光谱图像中的7种植被指数,使用一般线性回归分析方法分别构建不同棉叶螨为害等级棉花冠层叶片叶绿素相对含量(用soil and plant analyzer development(SPAD)值表征)遥感估测模型和棉叶螨为害等级遥感估测模型,实现棉叶螨为害的实时监测。结果显示:不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层光谱反射率存在明显差异,棉叶螨为害等级与棉花冠层叶片SPAD值呈显著负相关关系。在7个不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型中,SPAD-红边归一化植被指数估测模型的估测决定系数为0.915,均方根误差为3.451,识别精确度显著高于其他模型。表明利用棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型可快速无损地获取棉叶螨为害数据,构建的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型可用于植保人员快速准确获取棉叶螨为害情况。     

Effects of concentrate‐to‐forage ratios and 2‐methylbutyrate supplementation on ruminal fermentation,bacteria abundance and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in Chinese Simmental steers

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (2MB ) supplementation on performance, ruminal fermentation, bacteria abundance, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD ) in steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (12 months of age; 389 ± 3.7 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Moderate‐concentrate (400 g/kg diet [MC ]) or high‐concentrate (600 g/kg diet [HC ]) diets were fed with or without 2MB (0 g/day [2MB ?] or 15.0 g/day [2MB +]). Dry matter intake and average daily gain increased, but feed conversion ratio decreased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Ruminal pH decreased, but total volatile fatty acid increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Molar proportion of acetate and acetate‐to‐propionate ratio decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Propionate molar proportion and ruminal NH ₃‐N content increased with the HC diet, but decreased with 2MB supplementation. Neutral detergent fibre degradability decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. Crude protein degradability increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Abundance of Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens , Fibrobacter succinogenes and Bufyrivibrio fibrisolvens as well as activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiase, xylanase and pectinase decreased with the HC diet, but increased with 2MB supplementation. However, abundance of Prevotella ruminicola and Ruminobacter amylophilus as well as activities of α‐amylase and protease increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. Total PD excretion also increased with the HC diet or 2MB supplementation. The results suggested that growth performance, ruminal fermentation, CP degradability and total PD excretion increased with increasing dietary concentrate level from 40% to 60% or 2MB supplementation. The observed diet × 2MB interaction indicated that supplementation of 2MB was more efficacious for improving growth performance, ruminal fermentation and total PD excretion with promoted ruminal bacteria abundance and enzyme activity in the MC diet than in the HC diet.     

Hydroxyl release by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under acidic conditions due to nitrate absorption and its potential to ameliorate an acidic Ultisol

Purpose

Hydroxyl ion release by maize (Zea mays L.) roots under acidic conditions was investigated with a view to develop a bioremediation method for ameliorating acid soils in tropical and subtropical regions.

Materials and methods

Two hydroponic culture experiments and one pot experiment were conducted: pH, nitrogen state, and rhizobox condition, which investigated the effects of different nitrogen forms on hydroxyl release by maize roots under acidic conditions.

Results and discussion

The pH of the culture solution increased as culture time rose. The gradient of change increased with rising NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ molar ratios. Maize roots released more hydroxyl ions at pH 4.0 than at pH 5.0. The amount of hydroxyl ions released by maize roots at a constant pH was greater than those at a nonconstant pH. Application of calcium nitrate reduced exchangeable acidity and increased the pH in an Ultisol rhizosphere, compared with bulk soil. The increasing magnitude of soil pH was greater at higher doses of N. The absorption of NO₃ ^?–N increased as the NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺ molar ratios rose, which was responsible for hydroxyl ion release and pH increases in culture solutions and rhizosphere.

Conclusions

Root-induced alkalization in the rhizosphere resulting from nitrate absorption by maize plants can be used to ameliorate acidic Ultisols.     

不同花粉对苹果果实中抗坏血酸相关酶活性的影响

采用自育高效授粉树的花粉,在富士、金帅、嘎啦苹果铃铛花期时进行授粉,自授粉后20天的幼果开始间隔20天连续采样,对果实抗坏血酸(AsA)代谢中关键酶抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、L －半乳糖－1,4－内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)、L －半乳糖脱氢酶( GalDH),以及 AsA含量进行测定。结果表明：苹果果实 AsA 的迅速积累期主要为授粉后40～60天期间,用高效授粉树花粉授粉的果实,在整个生长发育过程中,L －半乳糖内酯脱氢酶的活性均比对照果实有明显的提高,对于 L－半乳糖脱氢酶,虽然该酶在授粉果实内活性较对照果实有所提高,但其在整个生长发育时期活性比较低;对于处理果实,其还原酶 MDHAR和 DHAR的活性提高,而氧化酶 AAO和 APX的活性却较对照果实降低,但总体活性水平差异不显著。AAO,APX,MDHAR,DHAR 4个酶均在果实发育初期存在较高的活性,以后逐渐降低并维持在稳定的水平,后期活性不高。这表明经高效授粉树授粉处理的果实主要是通过提高果实内 AsA 合成酶的活性来提高果实内 AsA的含量。     

陕西地区苹果金纹细蛾成虫消长规律的观察

<正>金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella别名苹果细蛾,属鳞翅目细蛾科,是苹果树上一种重要潜叶害虫,也可为害梨、桃、李、樱桃、海棠等果树,分布于我国华北、辽宁、山东、河南、江苏、安徽、陕西、甘肃及日本和欧美国家等。20世纪90年代开始,由于苹果栽培品种、方式、结构等的影响,该虫从次要害虫上升为主要害虫(文耀东,2004)。目前对该虫生物学特性、发生及分布规律、防治方法等内容研究较多(曹春玲等,2014),但对其成虫在苹果园的分布及活动     

氮肥对大豆不同类型品种结瘤固氮影响的差异性研究

本研究选用生育期和蛋白质含量不同的六个夏大豆品种，在磷钾肥基础上施用三个氮肥水平（０、６、１２ｋｇ氮／亩）。结果表明：施氨抑制结瘤，氮肥越多抑制越严重；抑制作用主要在盛花期前，至鼓粒期有的品种受抑制作用较小；对固氮的抑制在不同品种间存在明显差异，品种豫豆８号表现出较耐氮。酰脲相对丰度与根瘤干重极显著正相关，六叶期、盛花期和鼓粒期两者的相关系数分别为ｒ＿ａ＝０．９５４５、ｒ＿ｂ＝０．８０２５、ｒ＿ｃ＝０．６５３１，Ｐ＜０．０１。酰脲的相对丰度反映了品种的固氮差异和不同氮肥水平下固氮的变化。     

有机肥质量分数对土壤导水率稳定性的影响

饱和导水率是水循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,也是土壤结构改善的重要指标.通过室内土柱模拟实验研究有机肥添加量对风沙土和壤土导水率的影响.土壤添加有机肥的比例设置为0％、5％、10％、15％、20％、25％、30％7个水平,土壤密度设3个水平,各处理5个重复.结果表明：1）土壤饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈降低趋势,风沙土的饱和导水率随有机肥质量分数的增加呈直线下降趋势,而壤土饱和导水率的降低趋势随有机肥质量分数的增加减缓;2）有机肥质量分数的增加对土壤密度的降低作用可以抵消有机肥增加导致的饱和导水率的降低;3）低土壤密度下土壤导水率随时间变化不稳定,土壤密度增大后随时间变化稳定.随着有机肥质量分数的增加,土壤导水率的测定过程趋于稳定,但是测定时间延长.     

液电式馈能减振器外特性仿真与试验

为了回收由路面不平引起的车辆振动能量,设计了一种车用液电式馈能减振器,并针对其外特性进行了研究。根据液电式馈能减振器组成与原理,建立了相应的数学模型,模拟试验工况计算得到了示功特性及速度特性曲线;搭建了液电式馈能减振器试验台架并进行台架试验以验证理论模型的合理性;最后,基于所建立的液电馈能式减振器数学模型分析了蓄能器充气压力、蓄能器充气体积、液压马达排量、单向阀节流口面积与液压管路内径对外特性的影响。结果表明:提高高压蓄能器充气压力可以增大系统阻尼力;增大高压蓄能器充气体积、单向阀节流口面积、液压管路内径以及液压马达排量会引起系统阻尼力减小,其中液压马达排量只对伸张行程阻尼力有影响,压缩行程阻尼力不受其影响。