两种人工栽培藏茵陈生物学特性的研究

通过椭圆叶花猫(Halenia elliptica D.Don)、四数獐牙菜(Swertia tetraptera maxim)的人工栽培试验表明:两种藏茵陈植物都为两年生草本,第一年仅以叶簇形态生枝条不伸长,只进行营养生长,生长第二年枝条才开始伸长,开花结实后完成生活史;两种藏茵陈播种时间都以秋播为宜,有利于自然通过低温春化作用打破种子休眠,促进翌年春天种子萌发,显著提高田间出苗率;两种藏茵陈通过人工栽培,其茎、叶都比野生植物生长高大、粗壮,可大幅提高生药产量,是保护珍稀野生植物资源的有效途径之一;两种藏茵陈50%以上的种子在土壤中有较长期的休眠特性,一般在一年中的春秋两季萌发,所以适当增加播种量第二年后可使田间一年、二年生植株同时生长,对生药生产可连年持续收获产品,免去了对土壤的耕、翻、耙、种等作业,从而可有效降低栽培成本。     

预防组培中蓖麻子叶节玻璃化的研究

为了预防蓖麻子叶节在组织培养过程中的玻璃化现象,以建立其高效的遗传转化体系,本实验对影响子叶节生长状态的几个因素进行了初步研究。结果表明,在胚轴、子叶均为淡黄色的时期切取蓖麻子叶节,接种在1/8MS、内含10g/L琼脂粉、20g/L蔗糖、8.0mg/LZT、1.0mg/LNAA的培养基中进行培养,能有效地预防蓖麻子叶节玻璃化。     

大果沙棘全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插育苗试验

在全光照自动喷雾条件下,对大果沙棘嫩枝插条采用IBA、NAA、ABT-l号、ABT-2号4种植物生长调节剂,各3种浓度梯度的浸泡处理2 h,可明显促进插条生根。在供试的13种处理中,IBA 100 m g.L-1处理效果最好,生根率可达到98.8%。     

Immunosuppressant Effect of Long Term and Subtherapeutic Chlortetracycline in Broiler

Experiments were conducted with 270 Abore Acre male broilers to study the influence of dietary chlortetracycline (CTC) on the bursal, thymus and spleen weight index and T, B cell proliferation and antibody responses of broilers. Results show that 50mg/kg CTC had no significant inhibitory effect on thymus and spleen weight index, and T, B cell proliferation of broilers at 21 days old. 150mg/kg CTC had significant inhibitory effect on bursal, thymus and spleen, and T, B cell proliferation (P＜0.05). Dietary CTC had a direct inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. 50mg/kg and 150mg/kg CTC had a significant inhibitory effect on the antibody responses to BSA (P＜0.01). Results demonstrated that subtherapeutic and long term CTC had significant inhibitory effects on immune organs and antibody response. The immunosuppressant effect became higher when the level of CTC increased. 150mg/kg CTC increased the growth rate of broilers significantly.     

葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒混合添加剂对肉鸡生产性能和免疫指标的影响

本文旨在研究以葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒为主要成分的混合添加剂,在规模化养殖条件下,对肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数和血清蛋白指标的影响。将5 000只1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分为2个组,分别为对照组和试验组,每个组设4个重复,每个重复625只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.2%混合添加剂(葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒)。试验期为42 d。结果表明,1)生产性能:在肉鸡不同日龄阶段(1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄),试验组的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),ADFI分别提高了2.58%、1.55%和1.83%,ADG分别提高了1.67%、6.93%和6.66%;试验组料重比(F/G)显著低于对照组(P0.05),分别降低了3.36%、5.13%和4.44%。在肉鸡生长全期(1~42日龄),试验组肉鸡死亡率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)屠宰性能:21日龄试验组肉鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率显著高于对照组(P0.05),分别提高2.35%、4.11%和3.23%,42日龄肉鸡屠宰指标在试验组与对照组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。3)免疫器官指数:21日龄时,试验组肉鸡法氏囊指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),脾脏指数和胸腺指数在2组之间无显著差异(P0.05);42日龄时,试验组肉鸡胸腺指数显著高于对照组(P0.05),脾脏指数和法氏囊指数略有提高(P0.05)。4)血清指标:21日龄时,试验组肉鸡血清总蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);42日龄时,试验组肉鸡血清球蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在肉鸡21、42日龄时,试验组血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上,肉鸡饲粮使用含葡萄糖氧化酶和酵母硒的混合添加剂,能够提高肉鸡生产性能,降低死亡率,提高免疫器官指数和降低血清尿素氮含量。     

Managing anthelmintic resistance: Is it feasible in New Zealand to delay the emergence of resistance to a new anthelmintic class?

The recent registration in New Zealand of the first new class of broad-spectrum anthelmintic, for use against nematode parasites of ruminants, in nearly three decades has raised the possibility that parasite management practices could be improved to minimise the emergence of resistance to the new drug. A review of knowledge pertaining to the selection of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of sheep highlights a number of management practices which could be altered to achieve this.

A number of previously common practices such as whole-flock treatment of adult ewes around lambing, and treatment of lambs as they are moved onto pastures with low parasite contamination have been clearly identified as high risk for selecting resistant parasites. Once high-risk practices have been identified steps can be taken to either eliminate their use or mitigate the associated risk. Much of the focus on the management of resistance around the world is on the retention of susceptible genotypes in refugia. While approaches to retaining unselected parasites are likely to vary around the world, empirical studies indicate that the practice is likely to be effective at slowing the development of resistance. The challenge for farmers and advisors will be to strike a balance between retaining sufficient susceptible para-sites to usefully delay the development of resistance while not unduly compromising animal performance and farm profitability. The merits of combining different classes of anthelmintic in order to slow the development of resistance remains somewhat contentious in some countries. However, the attributes of oral anthelmintics are such that they seem likely to meet most, if not all, of the criteria for combinations to be highly effective at slowing the build-up of resistance in nematode parasites.

It is evident that considerable progress has been made in understanding the factors involved in selecting anthelmintic-resistant nematodes since the last broad-spectrum anthelmintic class was released in the early 1980s. Therefore, it should be possible to manage a new class of anthelmintic in such a way as to significantly extend its effective life. The challenge is likely to be in convincing farmers of the merits of adopting such pro-active strategies.     

Evaluation of the side-effects and thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous hydromorphone in cats

Hydromorphone (H) may be an effective analgesic agent in cats, but fear of negative behavioral side‐effects associated with opioids is cited as a reason for avoiding this class of analgesics in cats. This study was designed to assess onset and duration of antinociception using an established feline thermal threshold model in cats, given an accepted clinical dose of 0.1 mg kg^?1 of H. In addition, cats were observed for changes in behavior and other side‐effects. Six adult cats from an established colony (four spayed females and two castrated males, 4.7–7.0 kg) received 0.1 mg kg^?1 H IV following establishment of baseline thermal threshold (TT) values. TT was tested at 15 minutes post‐injection, then at every 30–60 minutes for 12 hours. Side‐effects and behavior changes were recorded for 12 hours. Changes in TT over time were analyzed using a one‐way anova ; a p‐value <0.05 was considered significant. TT increased from a pre‐treatment value of (mean ± SD) 40.9 ± 1.65 °C to instrument cutout (55.5 °C) within 30 minutes for 5/6 cats. Mean TT was significantly elevated above baseline from 15 to 450 minutes after treatment. There was a significant increase in skin temperature from 15 to 300 minutes with peak increase of 1.55 °C at 135 minutes. Side‐effects included mydriasis (6/6) and nausea (4/6), characterized by licking, foaming, and gagging. Mydriasis occurred within 10–30 seconds of injection and persisted for 5–7 hours. Nausea was noted within 2 minutes of injection and persisted for 30–90 minutes; no vomiting occurred. Commonly observed behavioral changes included ventral tail curl (6/6 cats, onset 5–45 minutes, duration 4–5 hours) and euphoria (5/6 cats, onset <6 minutes for 4/6, duration 1–6 hours). 2/6 cats were profoundly sedate. Three cats showed signs of dysphoria with or without increased motor activity with variable onset and duration. Dysphoric behavior included staring, pacing, vocalizing, and sudden movements. 3/6 cats exhibited both euphoria and dysphoria at different times during the study. At no time were cats difficult to restrain or work with. Return to baseline behavior occurred 7–8.5 hours post‐injection. Mydriasis did not correlate closely with antinociception. Signs of sedation and euphoria corresponded with onset of antinociception, but not duration. Tail curl signs correlated with antinociception. In this model, H proved to be a rapid acting, potent, analgesic with a long (7.5 hours) duration of action. The most common behavioral changes noted were ventral tail curl, euphoria, and sedation. Mydriasis and nausea were noted as side‐effects.     

基于风云3B微波亮温数据的内蒙古草原牧区雪深反演研究

基于内蒙古草原牧区2011~2013年两个积雪季的国产卫星FY-3B双极化亮温数据,通过使用2012年MODIS的MCD12Q1土地覆盖类型产品数据提取内蒙古牧区草地植被类型,同时使用与FY-3B数据同期的MOD10A1日积雪覆盖产品剔除研究区内无积雪覆盖的像元,进而得到内蒙古草原牧区有积雪覆盖区域的FY-3B影像各像元的亮温数据。将亮温数据与研究区内相应的野外固定实验站观测数据及呼伦贝尔市的7个气象站点雪深观测数据建立回归拟合关系,初步建立了基于FY-3B亮温数据的适合于内蒙古草原牧区的雪深反演模型,模型参数拟合决定系数R2为0.59。使用2012年研究区雪深观测值检验模型,均方根误差为3.12cm,平均相对误差为18%,表明所建立的雪深反演模型能够较好地估算和识别内蒙古草原牧区雪深的空间分布特征。     

Effect of Alkali Stress on Soluble Sugar, Antioxidant Enzymes and Yield of Oat

Alkali stress can cause severe crop damage and reduce production. However, physiological processes involved in alkali stress in oat seedlings are not well understood. In this study, physiological responses and yield of oat to alkali stress were studied using the alkali-tolerant oat genotype Vao-9 and the alkali-sensitive oat genotype Baiyan 5. The results were: (i) low concentrations of alkali stress (25 and 50 mmol L-1) significantly reduced the yield and grain weight while increased the oat grain number per spike. A negative correlation between yield and malondialdehyde (MDA) content at the jointing and grain filling stages and positive correlations between yield on one hand and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities on the other at the jointing stage were observed. There was a positive correlation between MDA and soluble sugar at the grain filling stage; (ii) soluble sugar content was increased at the jointing and grain filling stages and decreased at the heading stage by alkali stress; (iii) alkali stress increased the SOD activity during the heading and grain filling stages, and increased the POD activity at the heading stage. As compared to the control, the increase of MDA contents in alkali-treated oat was observed, during the jointing, heading and grain filling stages; (iv) under alkali stress, the oat genotype Vao-9 showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower soluble sugar contents during the heading stage, and lower MDA contents than those in the oat genotype Baiyan 5 under alkali stress. The result suggested that the high ROS scavenging capacity and soluble sugar levels might play roles in oat response to alkali stress.