Archäologische Kulturpflanzenreste aus der Georgischen SSR (Teil 2)

Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit werden archäologische Kulturpflanzenreste von weiteren Fundorten Georgiens beschrieben. Sie stammen aus dem 3. Jt. v. u. Z. bzw. dem Mittelalter.

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Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from Georgia, USSR (Part 2)

Summary Archaeological remains of cultivated plants from some places in eastern Georgia are described (3rd millennium B.C. and Mediaeval age, respectively).

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Aluminiumsubstitution in pedogenen Eisenoxiden – eine Übersicht

Al-substitution in Fe-oxides This article resumes the present knowledge on Al-substitution in Fe (III)oxides. Al-substitution is known for goethite, hematite, lepidocrocite, magnetite and maghemite. The extent of substitution is mineral specific and varies for different soil environments for which it may have some indicator value. Al-substituted Fe-oxides are easily to synthesize. A number of characteristics of the synthetic samples have been measured. The result was that most of the changes in characteristics except the unit cell size is more an indirect effect of Al-substitution because Al in the system also affects crystallinity. Crystallinity will, however, also be strongly influenced by other conditions during crystallization. Therefore, thermal behaviour, X-ray line intensity and width, magnetization, dissolution, OH-content, IR absorption characteristic etc. depend more directly on crystallinity than on Al-substitution. The variation of these characteristics for soil iron oxides is essentially unknown so far.     

Variability of wheat land-races from Czechoslovakia and Poland

Summary The wheat material of collecting missions to Czechoslovakia (in 1974 and 1977) and Poland (in 1976 and 1978) has been analyzed botanically and in respect to its possible breeding value by studying the original samples as well as their progenies grown up in the following years.The material represents populations of land-races and some old cultivars. Though there is a rapid genetic erosion in the collecting areas, the populations are very variable containing up to 6 botanical varieties. Some of the most variable land-races are described. In the populations ofTriticum aestivum land-races altogether 11 botanical varieties could be found, all with red grains. Exceptional findings are var.nigroferrugineum from the mountainous parts of Eastern Slovakia in 1977, and emmer wheat,Triticum dicoccon, from southern parts of Slovakia in 1974. The most promising characters for breeding purposes are short straw, winterhardiness, earliness, and field resistance against some diseases.In Gatersleben the land-races are separated into morphologically distinguishable types and maintained for their use in future breeding programmes.

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Die Variabilität von Weizenlandsorten aus der SSR und Polen

Zusammenfassung Das Weizenmaterial der Sammelreisen in die SSR (1974 und 1977) und nach Polen (1976 und 1978) wurde botanisch und im Hinblick auf seinen möglichen züchterischen Wert anhand der Untersuchungen der Originalproben sowie ihres Nachbaus analysiert.Das Material besteht aus Landsortenpopulationen und einigen alten Sorten. Obwohl eine rasche Generosion in den Sammelgebieten zu verzeichnen ist, sind die Populationen sehr variabel und enthalten bis zu 6 Varietäten. Einige der variabelsten Landsorten werden beschrieben. In den Populationen vonTriticum aestivum-Landsorten konnten insgesamt 11 Varietäten gefunden werden; alle mit braunem Korn. Bemerkenswerte Funde sind var.nigroferrugineum aus den gebirgigen Regionen der östlichen Slowakei 1977 und Emmer,Triticum dicoccon, aus südlichen Gebieten der Slowakei 1974.Für züchterische Zwecke besonders aussichtsreiche Merkmale sind kurzer Halm, Winterfestigkeit, Frühreife und Feldresistenz gegenüber einigen Krankheiten.In Gatersleben werden die Landsorten in morphologische Typen aufgetrennt und für künftige Züchtungsaufgaben erhalten.

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Numerical taxonomic studies in the generaTriticum L. andPisum L.

Summary Up till now numerical taxonomy has been applied to cultivated plants only to a limited extent though this method seems to be especially suitable for handling the great diversity of these plants. Moreover the theory of numerical taxonomy has not been studied sufficiently.Therefore studies with cultivated plants were begun with the aim to investigate the fitness of different numerical taxonomic techniques for their classification. Materials used: 1) 24 species ofTriticum and additionally 24 species ofAegilops 2) 1225Triticum taxa from Iran (mostlyT. aestivum) 3) 312 taxa ofPisum (mostlyP. sativum).Using 10 coefficients and 7 clustering methods inTriticum andAegilops in most cases a clear separation of both genera resulted as well as a species arrangement withinTriticum according to the genomes.The main aim when dealing with the wheat from Iran was the investigation of the influence of different character sets. At this the coefficient ofGower and the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) were applied. The separation of the different species is satisfying clear while the representatives of the different varieties ofT. aestivum could not always be found in one cluster. This effect increased when adding further characters sets.InPisum the influence of 11 similarity coefficients to the dendrogram formation has been investigated. With two-state characters the simple matching coefficient and with mainly multistate characters the Canberra metric gave best results (using UPGMA and information measures SUMRAT and SAMRAT).The hitherto existing results show the complicatedness of the evaluation of numerical taxonomic methods in their application to cultivated plants. Therefore generalizations are not yet possible.

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Numerisch-taxonomische Studien in den GattungenTriticum L. undPisum L.

     

Rainfall and tillage effects on soil structure after alfalfa conversion to maize on a clay loam soil in New York

Soil degradation is accelerated when perennial crops are converted to annual row crops, primarily due to increased soil disturbance from tillage. Subsequent heavy rainfall may induce soil settling, reduce macroporosity and increase hardsetting upon drying. An experiment involving plow and no-tillage and two simulated rainfall treatments (‘wet’ and ‘dry’) was conducted on Kingsbury clay loam soil in northern New York in 1992 and 1993 to study their effects on soil structure under maize (Zea mays L.) after conversion from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and to evaluate the use of spectral analysis of micropenetrometer observations for studying soil aggregation. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the row and trafficked and non-trafficked interrow positions at the 0.05 and 0.15 m depths and used for laboratory measurement of soil strength and pore system properties. These well-structured soils show a high contribution (up to 0.15 m³ m⁻³) of macropores to the total porosity of the soil. Soil strength was generally slightly higher for no-till (NT) than plow till (PT), although only significant in 1992. Soil strength in the surface layer did not change significantly with drying. Spectral density patterns did not show strong treatment effects, although distinct peaks reflect 3.0–3.5 mm stable structural units within macroaggregates. Simulated rainfall treatments and tillage treatments generally did not strongly affect measured soil properties, presumably due to stable soil structure. Structurally stable clay loam soils show little effect of tillage or settling on soil physical properties in the first years after alfalfa to maize conversion, and have good potential for long-term annual crop production if properly managed.     

Induction of de novo volatile terpene biosynthesis via cytosolic and plastidial pathways by methyl jasmonate in foliage of Vitis vinifera L

The terpene biosynthesis in leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Morio Muskat was studied using methyl jasmonate to induce defensive responses in vivo. The experiments demonstrated the strong activation of the de novo biosynthesis of terpenoids via the octadecanoid-signaling cascade and release of the compounds to the gas phase. Feeding experiments with [5,5-(2)H(2)]-1-deoxy-d-xylulose and [5,5-(2)H(2)]mevalonic acid lactone allowed the investigation of the dynamic allocation of resources via the mevalonic acid and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose/2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathway under induced conditions and after treatment with the specific inhibitors mevastatin and fosmidomycin. The experiments reveal that monoterpenes are almost exclusively synthesized via the DOXP/MEP pathway, whereas sesquiterpenes are generated via both pathways at approximately equal rates. The biosynthesis of the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene was not affected by mevastatine or fosmidomycin.