Digestibility of the defatted microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

The aim of the study was to investigate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of defatted biomass derived from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon postsmolts in seawater. Two experiments, one employing cold‐pelleted and the other employing extruded pellets, were carried out to determine the ADC of dry matter (DM), protein, ash and energy. The test feeds consisted of a fishmeal‐based reference feed and the algal biomass, at a ratio of 70:30, and yttrium oxide as the inert marker. The ADC of DM and protein in fish fed microalgae‐incorporated cold‐pelleted feeds were significantly higher for Nannochloropsis sp. compared with Desmodesmus sp. The Nannochloropsis sp. inclusion in extruded feeds also led to higher ADCs of DM and energy compared with Desmodesmus sp. The extrusion processing significantly increased the ADC of ash in both defatted microalgae biomass, as well as ADCs of DM in Nannochloropsis and protein in Desmodesmus sp. In conclusion, the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. was more digestible than Desmodesmus sp., and extrusion processing can be used as a means to improve digestibility of certain nutrients.     

Impacts of diet on hindgut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acids in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Diet is known to influence intestinal microbiota in fish, but the specifics of these impacts are still poorly understood. Different protein/fibre ratio diets may result in differing structures and activities of gut microbiota. We examined the hindgut microbiome of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed three different diets: fish meal (FM, high protein – low fibre), Sudan grass (SG, high fibre – low protein) and compound feed (CF, intermediate). Microbial profiles of fish fed on FM were significantly different from profiles of fish fed CF and SG (F = 18.85, p < .01). Cetobacterium, known to be positively associated with protein digestion, was the dominant microbial group in FM samples (approximately 75.7%), while Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae, thought to be involved in fermentation of plant polysaccharides, were dominant in CF and SG samples (46.8% and 42.9% respectively). Network analyses indicated that the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae was in a significantly positive correlation (r = .895, p = .001). Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels may indicate that the digestibility of diet by microbiota in the grass carp gut decreased from FM to SG (FM>CF>SG). Overall low SCFA levels indicate that hindgut fermentation probably provides a low proportion of energy requirements in grass carp.     

美洲鲥致病性维氏气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从自然感染发病的美洲鲥肝脏、肾脏和肠道中分离出1株细菌,经革兰染色镜检及PCR鉴定,确定为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)。用该菌株接种健康美洲鲥,鉴定其致病力,从人工感染50 g左右的健康美洲鲥发现,菌株具有很强的致病力,试验鱼在感染后72 h内全部死亡,且患病症状与自然发病的鱼症状一致。进一步采用药敏纸片法测定分离菌株对多种抗生素的敏感性,结果发现:维氏气单胞菌对恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢噻吩三种药物极为敏感,对红霉素、头孢唑啉中度敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、四环素、链霉素不敏感。     

电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从位置控制器

针对电液伺服遥操纵机器人主-从双向伺服位置控制中存在的非线性和不确定性,提出主-从侧分别使用带干扰观测器的最优控制和有鲁棒补偿的PD反馈控制算法,以克服主动侧各液压缸因动态特性差异造成的位置跟随误差和从动侧外界环境的随机干扰对系统稳定性的影响.分别设计了观测器跟踪扰动的二次型控制器和有动态鲁棒补偿的位置控制器,通过仿真和试验验证了所设计控制器的有效性.试验结果表明,所设计的位置控制器,既提高了主-从位置跟随精度,又具有较强的自适应性和鲁棒性;提高了力反馈电液伺服遥操纵机器人系统的操作性.     

胡萝卜微粉物理特性和营养成分的影响因

胡萝卜微粉制备中,影响微粉物理特性及营养成分的试验分析表明:热风和微波干燥获得的胡萝卜微粉容积密度大,冷冻干燥的胡萝卜微粉容积密度小.微波干燥获得的胡萝卜微粉溶水性好,其次是冷冻干燥;胡萝卜生粉比熟粉溶水性好.胡萝卜生粉的氨基酸质量比高于熟粉和冻融粉;真空冷冻干燥生胡萝卜,粉碎粒径小于240目时,氨基酸质量比高.经过冻融处理的胡萝卜微粉V_c质量比高于其生粉和熟粉;冷冻干燥的胡萝卜微粉V_c质量比高.类胡萝卜素质量比随着粒径减小而减小;冷冻干燥冻融处理的胡萝卜,在粉碎粒径为80～120目时,类胡萝卜素和V_c质量比高.     

肉脯干燥加工新技术

根据肉脯加工工艺需求,对传统热风干燥设备进行了相应的改进,并结合现代热泵(冷风)干燥设热风干燥的特点,分别进行了热泵(冷风),热风以及热泵(冷风)、热风组合干燥肉脯加工工艺的研究,以探索出一种能满足现代工业化生产需求的肉脯干燥加工新技术.     

基于屈服强度的X80钢管100％SMYS试压的可行性

高强度试压是国内外管道试压的普遍趋势.为研究我国X80钢管100％SMYS(最小屈服强度)试压的可行性,以西气东输二线西段为例,应用概率统计方法,分析了X80直缝钢管和螺旋缝钢管管材试样屈服强度的分布特征,并研究了实物屈服强度和管材试样屈服强度的差异.结果表明:X80直缝钢管和螺旋缝钢管试样的屈服强度分布均符合正态分布,X80直缝钢管屈服强度性能优于螺旋缝钢管,钢管实物屈服强度比管材小试样屈服强度高10％～15％.以100％SMYS试压导致母材屈服概率小于1％为目标,根据管材试样屈服强度概率分布特征及试样与实物屈服强度的差异,得出X80钢管可进行100％SMYS试压的结论.     

基于物元可拓模型的黄河兰州段突发水污染安全评价

[目的]科学评价黄河流域突发水污染安全等级,为提高黄河流域突发水污染事件应急响应能力提供参考.[方法]基于科学性、整体性、数据可获得性等原则,通过PSR模型遴选16个与黄河兰州段相关指标构建评价指标体系,并以黄河兰州段2014-2019年数据为基础,采用GRA-PCA组合确定指标权重,运用物元可拓模型得到其突发水污染安...     

覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量

为从农田碳通量角度揭示地膜覆盖种植方式的增产增效机理,于2011年在山西寿阳旱作农业野外试验站对覆膜和露地春玉米田,进行了表层土壤温湿度、土壤呼吸和净碳交换规律及作物生长发育规律的研究和分析。结果表明:与露地处理相比较,覆膜处理全生育期表层土壤含水率提高了18.7%,前期可平均提高表层土壤温度1.67℃。覆膜和露地处理土壤呼吸变化规律总体一致,但前者的温度敏感系数Q10比后者低,且中后期前者排放的碳仅为后者的61.7%,说明采用覆盖地膜种植方式有利于农田土壤碳管理。前期和中期覆膜处理绿叶面积指数比露地处理平均高0.81 m2/m2,后期覆膜处理衰老较快,收获时比露地处理低1.00 m2/m2;露地处理在前期和中期日均净碳通量平均比覆膜处理大0.04 mg/(m2·s),而后期仅小0.02 mg/(m2·s),这是造成2处理最终生物产量和经济产量差异的根本原因。在地上干物质积累和地下干物质积累方面,覆膜处理始终比露地处理高,收获时差值分别为269.7和38.6 g/m2。露地处理每公顷少收春玉米籽粒1 348 kg。由此可见,覆膜种植可提高表层土壤温湿度,促进作物生长发育,抑制土壤呼吸,促进碳积累,增加农民收入的同时更有利于土壤碳管理。     

不同光照条件下农作物图像Contourlet域融合方法

为了更好地实现不同光照条件下的农作物图像融合,在Contourlet变换(contourlet transform,CT)的基础上采用了适合农作物图像的融合规则进行了融合处理。首先,采用Contourlet变换对源图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到低频子带系数和带通方向子带系数。然后,针对低频子带系数的选择,采用了一种改进的线性加权融合方法,以期减小噪声对融合结果的影响;针对带通方向子带系数的选择,结合人眼视觉特性,采用了一种基于梯度最大化规则的系数选择方案,得到待融合图像的系数。最后,经过Contourlet逆变换得到融合图像。与小波变换方法(wavelet transform,WT)进行了融合结果的比较,结果表明,与WT方法相比,该文方法在互信息量(mutual information,MI)、空间频率(spatial frequency,SF)、均方差(mean square error,MSE)、信息熵(entropy,Ent)、相关系数(correlation coefficient,CC)、平均梯度(average gradient,G’)和峰值信噪比(peak signal to noise ratio,PSNR)指标上均有了较大提升,表明利用该方法可以取得优于WT的融合效果;在此基础上,利用CT常见融合规则与文中融合规则进行了比较,同样表明CT方法可以有效提高图像融合的效果。研究表明,将文中所采用的融合规则应用于不同光照条件下的农作物图像融合是有效的、可行的。该研究可为变光照条件下的作物图像融合技术提供参考。