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71.
Mumby PJ Dahlgren CP Harborne AR Kappel CV Micheli F Brumbaugh DR Holmes KE Mendes JM Broad K Sanchirico JN Buch K Box S Stoffle RW Gill AB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5757):98-101
Since the mass mortality of the urchin Diadema antillarum in 1983, parrotfishes have become the dominant grazer on Caribbean reefs. The grazing capacity of these fishes could be impaired if marine reserves achieve their long-term goal of restoring large consumers, several of which prey on parrotfishes. Here we compare the negative impacts of enhanced predation with the positive impacts of reduced fishing mortality on parrotfishes inside reserves. Because large-bodied parrotfishes escape the risk of predation from a large piscivore (the Nassau grouper), the predation effect reduced grazing by only 4 to 8%. This impact was overwhelmed by the increase in density of large parrotfishes, resulting in a net doubling of grazing. Increased grazing caused a fourfold reduction in the cover of macroalgae, which, because they are the principal competitors of corals, highlights the potential importance of reserves for coral reef resilience. 相似文献
72.
Whittemore JC Gill VL Jensen WA Radecki SV Lappin MR 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(6):958-963
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate semiquantitative and quantitative assays for microalbuminuria and determination of the urine albumin-creatinine (UAC) ratio in detection of systemic disease in dogs without overt proteinuria. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 408 dogs. PROCEDURES: Urine samples that had been obtained from dogs for which a complete medical record was available and in which results of a dipstick test for urine protein were negative were evaluated. Urine protein-creatinine ratios (cutoff values, 0.5 and 0.1), semiquantitative and quantitative microalbuminuria values (cutoff value, 1 mg/dL), and UAC ratios (cutoff values, 100 and 200 mg/g) were determined. Clinical diagnoses rendered within 3 months of enrollment in the study were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity were determined with disease status serving as the standard. Associations with clinical diagnosis, sex, age, BUN and serum creatinine concentrations, blood pressure, results of bacterial culture of urine, temperature, pyuria, hematuria, and bacteriuria were evaluated by use of logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 48 dogs were healthy, and 360 had at least 1 disease. Significant associations were detected between age, presence of disease, presence of neoplastic disease, BUN and serum creatinine concentrations, and hematuria and results of 1 or both of the microalbuminuria assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Microalbuminuria was associated with underlying disease. The sensitivity and specificity of the semiquantitative microalbuminuria test for detection of systemic disease were superior to those of other tests. Microalbuminuria testing in conjunction with other screening procedures may increase diagnosis of subclinical disease, but a prospective study in which the predictive values of screening tests are evaluated, with and without microalbuminuria determination, is needed. 相似文献
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1摘要 在性成熟之前由于繁殖障碍和腿跛使母猪提前被淘汰,这是限制后备母猪发挥应有生产潜能的主要制约因素.在许多猪场,通常情况下每头母猪整个繁殖期内能提供30~40头仔猪,仅有少数母猪能发挥出生产潜力:产出60头或60头以上的仔猪.当前为提高母猪利用年限而采取的饲喂和管理措施,仍将关注重点集中在初配母猪的肥胖度(fatness)上.本篇综述将对该理论加以展开,研究现代基因型对以营养手段提高青年母猪和繁殖小母猪肥胖度带来长期益处的影响. 相似文献
77.
Step DL Krehbiel CR DePra HA Cranston JJ Fulton RW Kirkpatrick JG Gill DR Payton ME Montelongo MA Confer AW 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(11):3146-3158
The study objective was to determine health and performance of ranch calves from different preconditioning strategies during a 42-d receiving period when commingled with calves of unknown health histories from multiple sources. Steer calves from a single source ranch (RANCH) were weaned and immediately shipped to a feedlot (WEAN, initial BW = 247 +/- 29 kg); weaned on the ranch for 45 d before shipping, but did not receive any vaccinations (WEAN45, initial BW = 231 +/- 26 kg); or weaned, vaccinated with modified live viral vaccine, and held on the ranch for 45 d before shipping (WEANVAC45, initial BW = 274 +/- 21 kg). Multiple-source steers were purchased through auction markets (MARKET, initial BW = 238 +/- 13 kg), and upon receiving, a portion of ranch-origin steers from each weaning group was commingled with a portion of MARKET cattle (COMM). The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 3 +1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were RANCH vs. COMM and weaning management (WEAN vs. WEAN45 vs. WEANVAC45) as the factors; MARKET cattle served as the control. Calves of WEAN, WEAN45, and MARKET were vaccinated on arrival at the feedlot. Ranch-origin calves tended (P = 0.06) to have greater ADG than COMM or MARKET calves, although ADG was not affected (P = 0.46) by weaning management. Across the 42-d receiving period, DMI was not affected (P = 0.85) by cattle origin. However, MARKET, WEAN45, and WEANVAC45 calves consumed more (P < 0.001) DM than WEAN calves. Gain efficiency was not affected (P > or = 0.11) by treatment. Ranch-origin calves were less (P < 0.001) likely to be treated for bovine respiratory disease than MARKET calves; COMM calves were intermediate. Calves that were retained on the ranch after weaning (WEAN45 and WEANVAC45) were also less likely to be treated (P = 0.001) than MARKET or WEAN calves. As expected, differences in morbidity related to differences in health costs. Calves of WEAN45 and WEANVAC45 had less (P < 0.001) health costs than MARKET and WEAN calves. On arrival, serum haptoglobin concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in MARKET and WEAN compared with WEAN45 and WEANVAC45 calves. Calves from a single source that are retained on the ranch for 45 d after weaning exhibit less morbidity and less health costs during the receiving period at the feedyard than when cattle are commingled or trucked to the feedyard immediately after weaning. 相似文献
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V. J. Brookes G. S. Gill C. K. Singh B. S. Sandhu N. K. Dhand B. B. Singh J. P. S. Gill M. P. Ward 《Zoonoses and public health》2018,65(1):e54-e65
Previous studies estimate that one‐third of the annual global burden of rabies (~20,000 cases) occurs in India. Elimination of canine rabies is essential to reduce this burden. Surveillance of animal cases can assess both the risk to humans and the efficacy of control strategies. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial and temporal occurrence of reported confirmed cases of rabies in animals in Punjab, India, from 2004 to 2014. We analysed passive surveillance data on 556 samples submitted from 2004 to 2014 to GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Regression and time series analyses were conducted to understand seasonal and long‐term variation of cases and identify cross‐correlation of monthly cases between species. Spatio‐temporal analyses assessed spatial autocorrelation of date of reporting, mean geographic centres of disease occurrence and clustering of cases using Kulldorff's space‐time permutation statistic. The annual number of submissions and proportion of confirmed cases were consistent throughout 2004–2014. Most submissions (320; 57.6%) were confirmed rabies cases, including dogs (40.6%), buffalo (29.7%) and cattle (23.1%). Regression analysis of monthly cases in dogs showed seasonal variation with significant increases in cases in March and August. Monthly case numbers in buffalo decreased over time. Long‐term temporal trend was not detected in dog and cattle cases. Time‐series models identified significant cross‐correlation between dog and buffalo cases, suggesting that buffalo cases were spillover events from dogs. Significant spatio‐temporal variation or clusters of cases were not detected. These results indicate that rabies cases in animals—and therefore, the potential for exposure to humans—were temporally and spatially stable during 2004–2014 in Punjab, India. The endemic nature of rabies transmission in this region demands a coordinated, sustained control programme. This study provides baseline information for assessing the efficacy of rabies control measures and developing seasonally targeted dog vaccination and rabies awareness strategies. 相似文献
80.
Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, StsStsHtsHtsYtsYts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from
the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease
of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome
pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome
addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC2 progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae
were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition
lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated
as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat
replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering
and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献