Rapid evolution of Ophraella communa cold tolerance in new low-temperature environments

Low winter temperatures severely stress newly arriving insect species. Adaptive evolutionary changes in cold tolerance can facilitate their establishment in new environments. Ambrosia artemisiifolia, a noxious invasive plant, occurs throughout China. Ophraella communa, a biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia, mainly occurs in southern China. However, in 2012, it established populations in Beijing (39.98°N, 115.97°E) following introduction from Laibin (23.62°N, 109.37°E), implying cold adaptation. The mechanisms underlying its rapid evolution of cold tolerance remain unknown. We investigated the levels of cryoprotectants and energy reserves in adult O. communa from two latitudes. In high-latitude insects, we found high trehalose, proline, glycerol, total sugar, and lipid levels; five potential genes (Tret1a, Tret1b, Tret1-2, P5CS, and GST), responsible for regulating cold tolerance and involved in trehalose transport, proline biosynthesis, and glutathione S-transferase activation, were highly expressed. These hybridisation changes could facilitate cold temperature adaptation. We demonstrate the genetic basis underlying rapid adaptation of cold tolerance in O. communa, explaining its extension to higher latitudes. Thus, specialist herbivores can follow host plants by adapting to new temperature environments via rapid genetic evolution.

     

河南草地建设成就与展望

河南省有6.6万hm2人工草地,6.2万hm2半人工草地,水热光资源丰富,质量较好,发展潜力较大.严格实行草地有偿承包责任制、种养结合及草地综合发展,是草地建设进一步发展的关键.     

A peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 generating a neutralizing antibody response, and an immunostimulatory peptide

The epitopes of the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) play important roles in the construction of highly immunogenic subunit vaccines. However few epitopes have been found for FMDV serotype Asia1. In this study we screened for epitopes of the VP1 and VP2 proteins of FMDV serotype Asia1 isolate, YNBS/58. Fragments consisting of amino acids 133-163 of VP1 and amino acids 1-33 of VP2 contained epitopes, and both induced lymphoproliferation in guinea pigs. Only the VP1 fragment induced neutralizing antibodies but the VP2 peptide dramatically increased the neutralizing antibody response induced by the VP1 peptide.     

富含游离态异黄酮豆豉的制曲工艺优化

为了制备富含游离态异黄酮的豆豉,以前期筛选出的一株高产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株为菌种进行制曲。在研究接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间三种单因素对豆曲中蛋白酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活力影响基础上,采用三元二次正交旋转组合实验设计对制曲工艺进行优化,确定了最佳的制曲工艺条件为接种量(105.4个孢子·g-1大豆)、制曲温度26.5℃、制曲时间4 d,在此条件下,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活力为245.24 U·g-1,蛋白酶酶活力为623.17 U·g-1。     

JMF-3A型麦芽辊式破碎机的研制

为了满足小型啤酒坊、酒店及家庭对自酿鲜啤酒的生产需要,研制了一种与小型啤酒生产线配套使用的麦芽辊式破碎机。通过solidworks建模运动仿真和生产试验证明,该机生产效率高,破碎效果好,结构紧凑,运转平稳,安全性好且整机振动小,噪音低。满足了市场需求,提高了经济和社会效益。     

Characteristics,sources, and in situ phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in rural dumpsites

Purpose

Without precaution to deal with gas emissions and leachate generation, dumpsites have become a severe environmental problem in many developing countries. The objectives of this study were to investigate the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in dumpsite soil in rural areas of China and to verify phytoremediation effectiveness with Sedum alfredii Hance and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under complex pollution conditions in PAH-contaminated soil.

Materials and methods

In this study, we collected soil cores from four dumpsites in rural areas of North China (Hebei Province) for analysis, and correspondingly conducted an in situ phytoremediation experiment using Sedum alfredii Hance and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at one of these sites, monitoring the total PAH concentration in soil.

Results and discussion

Results showed generally moderate pollution by PAHs in soil samples from dumpsites with pockets of heavy pollution. PAH concentrations in dumpsite soil ranged from 827 to 1101 ng/g (dry weight). High-molecular-weight PAHs were present in higher proportions at oldest dumpsite in operation. Certain molecular ratios of PAHs can be used to diagnose the source of PAHs in soil, and it indicated that the main sources were combustion of domestic coal and biomass, as well as the automobile exhaust and kitchen exhaust. A 17-month in situ phytoremediation experiment resulted in the effective removal of PAHs in the Sedum alfredii and alfalfa plots, with total PAH concentrations decreasing by 82.4% and 81.3%, respectively. Furthermore, PAH concentrations in plants correlated to plant growth conditions.

Conclusions

This study indicated that the soils of the dumpsites were generally moderately polluted by PAHs, and some parts of the area were heavily polluted. Both Sedum alfredii and alfalfa absorbed PAHs from soil, and PAH concentrations in these two plants correlated to the growth conditions of the plants. Phytoremediation can effectively be used for PAH removal in open dumpsites.

     

牛腔前卵泡的简易机械分离方法

采用两种机械法分离牛腔前卵泡。方法一 (M -1) ,皮肤移植刀切割、剪碎、过滤镜下直接捡卵法。方法二 (M -2 ) ,皮质片剪碎、离心、悬浮、过滤镜下捡卵法。M -1平均每卵巢采卵数为 46 9个± 18 2个 ,M -2为 6 8 4个± 12 5个 ;处理时间M -1为 2 5 4min± 6 7min ,M -2为 46 3min± 16 8min ,两种方法采集腔前卵泡数量及处理时间均存在显著差异。平均每小时采集卵泡数分别为 99 5和 87 2个 ,M -1多于M -2。两种方法获得腔前卵泡大小分布规律也有明显差异 ,M -1采集腔前卵泡直径为 6 0～ 15 0 μm ,绝大部分是次级卵泡 ,而M -2获取腔前卵泡则偏小。总的看来 ,M -1处理时间短 ,回收效率高 ,方法简便 ,且分离卵泡直径较大 ,适于体外培养 ,是机械分离牛腔前卵泡的一种理想方法。     

小麦及其近缘种叶枯病的病斑型及其细胞超微结构特点

应用离体叶片点滴接种平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana孢子悬浮液并进行电镜观察,研究小麦及其近缘种属叶片上病斑型的发生特点及病、健组织细胞内部超微结构的变化。结果表明,不同品种小麦相同发育阶段的离体叶上病斑型的变化仅与其自身抗病性遗传表达有关。小麦病斑的反应型变化过程,随时间在品种、叶位、不同发育阶段间存在差异,叶肉病变细胞中细胞器结构及功能完好的为14.3%,变化的为28.6%,解体和功能丧失的为57.1%;小麦近缘种病斑的反应型不随时间改变,仅在种属间存在差异,且叶位间的差异不显著,大赖草病变细胞中细胞器结构及功能完好、改变和丧失的均为33.3%。     

稻草还田对土壤性状及水稻产量的影响

对稻草还田量和方式的研究表明，每ｈｍ＾２翻压６７５０ｋｇ稻草还田，有利于土壤微团聚体的形成，改善土壤物理状况，提出土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾和有效硅的含量，增产１１．７６％，覆盖后翻压４５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２稻草还田次之。