Effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in Phyllostachys praecox stands

Phyllostachys praecox is a bamboo species cultivated for edible shoots under intensive management. However, the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in bamboo soils is not clear under the intensive management for a long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation time on soil heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in bamboo stands subjected to intensive management. Soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of bamboo stands which had been cultivated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 years in Lin''an, Zhejiang Province of China. Eight heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg) present in the soil were selected, and their potential pollution risk was evaluated by chemical speciation analysis. Possible heavy metal sources were explored using multivariate and cluster analysis. Our results showed that Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd contents in the soil increased with the cultivation time, while Ni, Cr, Pb, and As levels were similar among all stands. Furthermore, the bioavailabilities of all analyzed heavy metals increased with the cultivation time. Multivariate and cluster analysis showed that sources of Ni, Cr, Pb, and As were likely lithogenic in origin, whereas input of Zn, Cu, Hg, and Cd was mainly due to cultivation practices. Current bamboo management strategies raised the potential risks of heavy metal pollution in bamboo shoots in the long term. Soil acidification in P. praecox stands induced by intensive cultivation should be controlled since it stimulated and improved the bioavailability of heavy metals. Appropriate management strategies should thus be adopted to ensure safe and sustainable production of bamboo shoots.     

连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田对双季稻产量、养分积累及土壤肥力的影响

  【目的】  水稻秸秆和紫云英是稻田系统重要的原位有机肥源,明确长期连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田后水稻增产趋势、养分积累和土壤肥力变化特征,以便对秸秆和绿肥资源进行综合利用。  【方法】  本试验为3年连续大田试验 (2016―2018年),以双季稻为研究对象,设置3个处理:1）早、晚稻秸秆不还田,冬季不种植紫云英 (CK);2）早、晚稻秸秆全量还田,冬季不种植紫云英,即秸秆单独还田 (T1);3）早、晚稻秸秆全量还田,冬季种植紫云英,即秸秆–紫云英协同还田 (T2)。各处理均施用等量化肥。  【结果】  相对于对照,连续秸秆单独还田和秸秆–紫云英协同还田周年轮作下水稻产量分别增加1.93%～9.15%和1.34%～12.48%,且连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田周年增产效果随着试验年份的增加而增加。不同年份间水稻产量变异系数和可持续性指数分析表明,连续秸秆单独还田和秸秆–紫云英协同还田均有利于双季稻持续性高产稳产,其中秸秆–紫云英协同还田效果优于秸秆单独还田。连续3年6季还田后,秸秆单独还田和秸秆–紫云英协同还田对水稻产量的贡献率分别为6.92%和11.10%,其中秸秆–紫云英协同还田处理比秸秆单独还田处理高76.47%。与产量变化趋势一致,连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田不仅有利于早稻氮、磷、钾养分积累,对晚稻养分积累也有一定的后效作用。与试验初始土壤养分含量相比,2018年晚稻收获后,对照土壤有机碳、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别降低了9.03%、11.11%、3.87%和10.57%。而相对于对照,连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田处理土壤有机碳、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了20.51%、25.00%、24.16%和20.37%;相对于秸秆单独还田处理有机碳、全氮和有效磷含量分别增加了2.73%、7.14%和14.19%。  【结论】  在双季稻轮作系统中,连续秸秆–紫云英协同还田有利于早稻和晚稻获得高产和稳产,同时增加早稻氮、磷、钾养分积累,提高土壤有机碳、全氮和有效磷含量,是综合利用秸秆和绿肥资源较好的方式。     

猫杯状病毒分离株VP1基因序列与致病性分析

旨在了解上海地区猫杯状病毒(feline calicivirus, FCV)VP1基因与致病性,采用常规方法分离鉴定出13株FCV,经RT-PCR和测序获得分离株VP1的基因序列,与参考株VP1基因进行同源性和遗传演化分析,对2株分离株进行动物致病性试验。结果显示,13株上海地区分离株VP1基因核苷酸序列相互间相似性为74.3%～99.8%,与参考株核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列相似性也较低,符合FCV易突变的特征;进化树分析表明,上海地区FCV流行株主要来自国内北方地区,少数毒株来自国外地区;通过对宿主临床症状、VP1进化树和VS-FCV特征性氨基酸位点进行分析,筛选出7株FCV强毒株;动物致病性试结果验表明,FCV-SH202101株和FCV-SH202113株可导致感染猫发病和死亡,潜伏期为1～2 d,接种后第3天即可检测到排毒,不同年龄段猫的病程不一致,可导致幼猫5 d后死亡,成年猫病程可持续11～18 d, 2株分离株在致病性方面均符合VS-FCV特征。本研究丰富了中国FCV的分子流行病学资料,为VS-FCV毒株的筛选提供了有力的证据,也为FCV疫苗的研究提供了技术支持。     

法夫酵母诱变选育高产虾青素菌株的研究

以法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)为试验材料,对其先进行紫外线和氯化锂(UV-LiCl)复合诱变处理,获得了一株产虾青素为635．82μg·g~(-1)的菌株UL-40,其中紫外线适宜诱变条件为30 W、20 cm处照射菌株3 min,LiCl筛选剂量为3 g·L~(-1)。对UL-40菌株用N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍(NTG)和2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖再进行复合诱变处理,获得了1株遗传性状稳定、25℃条件下的产虾青素为894．54μg·g~(-1)菌株ND-25,其中NTG在25℃条件下最适诱变剂量为150μg·mL~(-1),2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖最适筛选剂量为1 g·L~(-1)。     

核壳、盐和水分胁迫对长柄扁桃种子萌发的影响

探讨了核壳、盐胁迫和水分胁迫对长柄扁桃种子萌发的影响。结果表明:内种皮对种子萌发没有影响,其种子休眠是由于核壳的机械障碍和内源抑制物的综合作用。盐胁迫对种子发芽具有抑制作用,发芽率随着盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,0.02~0.06 mol.L-1NaC l、0.01~0.02 mol.L-1NaHCO3胁迫对种子的萌发影响不大,但发芽时间延长,当盐浓度≥0.03 mol.L-1时NaHCO3胁迫对种子萌发抑制作用显著强于NaC l胁迫。用不同浓度的PEG6000模拟土壤干旱对种子萌发进行人工水分胁迫处理,随着水势下降,种子发芽率、发芽速度、发芽指数及发芽活力呈下降趋势,在轻度水分胁迫下(-0.2 MPa)发芽率有所上升,表明长柄扁桃具有一定的抗旱性。     

Identification of QTLs Related to Bolting in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis （syn. Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis）

A genetic linkage map of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis was constructed with 186 AFLP （amplified fragment length polymorphism） markers by using a doubled-haploid （DH） population with 183 individuals. The individuals were derived from F1 which was developed by crossing a bolting resistant DH line Y-177-12 and an easy bolting DH line Y195-93a. AFLPs were generated by the use of restriction enzymes EcoR Ⅰ and Mse Ⅰ . The segregation of each marker and linkage was analyzed by using JoinMap version 3.0. Mapped markers were aligned in ten linkage groups which covered 887.8 cM with an average marker interval of 4.47 cM. Markers showing skewed segregation ratio were clustered in six LGs. Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were mapped for bolting resistance by using MAPQTL 4.0 package. Four QTLs explaining from 7.0 to 9.4% of the total variation were detected, all of them increase bolting resistance. These mapped QTLs could be used to develop a marker assisted selection programme for bolting resistance breeding.     

贝叶斯网络的参数学习研究

贝叶斯网络是数据采掘的一个非常有效的工具,它能够定性和定量地分析属性之间的依赖关系,进行概率推理。在给出贝叶斯网络相关概念后,讨论了贝叶斯网络在离散型、连续型和混合型3种情况下的参数学习计算公式;利用给定样本数据,对具有完整数据和不具有完整数据的贝叶斯网络,学习网络参数,更新网络变量原有的先验分布;从理论上给出两种不同类型下的参数学习公式。     

基于Copula函数的河川径流丰枯遭遇分析

【目的】研究两变量联合概率的分布问题,探讨干支流的丰枯遭遇分析方法。【方法】采用Copula函数,构建了渭河干流及其支流千河年径流的联合概率分布模型,对干支流的丰枯遭遇进行分析,并绘制了干支流联合分布等值线图。【结果】宝鸡市渭河干流年径流量的边际分布服从皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,而支流千河年径流量的边际分布服从对数正态分布,且干支流同时出现丰水年的概率大于同时出现平、枯水年的概率。【结论】用Copula法描述干支流的丰枯遭遇问题具有可行性。     

小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导与分化

[目的]筛选再生能力强的基因型小麦品种,建立高效的小麦成熟胚高频植株再生系统。[方法]以小麦品种抗冻早-30、百麦4411和06-4046的成熟胚为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,添加不同激素,组配诱导、继代、分化和生根培养基,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导。探讨影响小麦愈伤组织诱导和分化的因素。[结果]2,4-D浓度为1—5mg／L时对3个小麦品种愈伤组织的诱导差异不大,诱导率均高于80％,但2,4-D浓度为2mg／L时更有利于诱导胚性愈伤组织,诱导率在90％以上;在抗冻早-30和百麦4411分化培养基中加入2mg／L KT有助于提高分化率和再生率,在06-4046分化培养基中加入0．5mg／L KT对小麦成熟胚的分化和再生苗比较有利。[结论]在MS培养基中添加2mg／L2,4-D和一定量的KT可促进小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和分化再生苗。     

黑龙江省抗旱水稻品种（系）的筛选

从水稻生长密切相关的生育期和农艺性状指标,探讨了黑龙江省近几年来主栽的68份水稻品种(系)的抗旱性.结果表明,栽培稻旱作较水作生育期延长、株高降低、分蘖减少,每穗实粒数降低.通过抗旱力指数法的综合鉴定得出本试验中综合抗旱能力较好的水稻品种(系)有:牡丹江22、东农425、垦稻12、牡丹江19、龙稻6号,抗旱综合指数均达到70%以上.